(1) Proper selection of finishing cattle is crucial for efficient beef production. It is recommended to use foreign meat breed bulls for crossbreeding to improve the genetic potential of the herd. The selected cattle should have a tall and lean body structure, with loose skin, elastic muscles, and a well-defined skeletal frame. They should be healthy, with soft and shiny hair, and not overly fat. These improved cattle have high growth potential and respond well to fattening. It's best to select cattle aged between 2 to 4 years old, weighing between 318 to 363 kg—these animals typically show high feed intake, rapid weight gain, and a shorter feeding period, which leads to faster cash flow.
(B) Enhance Feed Utilization and Reduce Costs
1. Choose the right ratio of roughage to concentrate and adjust nutrient levels accordingly. During the first 30 days, the roughage-to-concentrate ratio should be 3:7 to 1:1, with a crude protein content of 12%. In the middle 70 days, the ratio should shift to 6:4, with a crude protein level of 11%. In the last 10 to 20 days, the ratio can be adjusted to 7:3 to 8:2, with the concentrate containing 10% crude protein. By the end of the feeding period, each cow should consume 4–5 kg of concentrate daily, while roughage should be available ad libitum.
2. Process feed scientifically. For example, corn should be ground to a size above 1 mm, and sorghum should be around 1 mm. Roughage should be cut and crushed to 5–10 mm for optimal digestion.
3. Use industrial by-products such as brewer’s grains and starch sludge in combination with additives. These can replace up to 90% of the concentrate feed while still achieving a daily weight gain of 1.5 kg. For example, 15–20 kg of brewer’s grains per day, along with 150 g of baking soda, 100 g of urea, and 100 g of a beef cattle premix. Similarly, 10–15 kg of starch sludge or soy sauce residue can be used with similar additive amounts.
4. Make full use of silage, straw ammoniation, and fermentation techniques. Silage corn is an excellent feed for finishing cattle, allowing higher daily gains at lower concentrate levels. Adding 2% urea to the dry matter of corn silage can significantly improve performance.
(III) Improve Feeding Techniques and Management
1. For normal beef cattle, a restricted feeding strategy during the early stage and free feeding in the later stages can increase feed efficiency by about 5%.
2. Separate males and females for better management. Bulls generally gain 10% more weight than cows, but castration may affect their growth if done too late. Using drugs or hormones for castration is discouraged due to residues and health concerns. Therefore, gender should be considered when selecting cattle for finishing.
3. Incorporating an appropriate urease inhibitor premix during the fattening period can increase daily weight gain by over 18%.
4. Maintain good hygiene, disease prevention, and parasite control. Regular deworming and sanitation practices help prevent infectious diseases and internal parasites.
5. Cattle should be slaughtered once they reach 500 kg. Beyond this weight, the rate of gain decreases, feed costs per kilogram of gain increase, and profitability declines.
(D) Select Scientific Formulas
1. A formula based on silage corn (wet weight): 80.8% silage corn, 17.1% corn, and 2.1% cottonseed cake.
2. A formula using distiller’s grains (for growing cattle weighing 300 kg): 1.5 kg corn, 15 kg fresh lees, 2.5 kg cereal straw, 70 g urea, 30 g salt, and 100 g of a premix. Distiller’s grains have low crude protein degradation, so adding urea helps improve rumen nitrogen availability and fiber digestibility.
3. A formula for cattle under 300 kg: 61 kg corn, 15 kg bran, 20 kg cotton (hybrid) cake, 1 kg salt, and 1 kg bone meal. Provide 100 g of premix per cow per day, 2 kg of concentrate, and allow free access to roughage.
4. A formula for cattle over 300 kg: 70 kg corn, 13 kg bran, 15 kg cotton (hybrid) cake, 1 kg salt, and 1 kg bone meal. Offer 100 g of premix per cow per day, 3–3.5 kg of concentrate, and allow free access to roughage.
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