Camellia is an evergreen shrub belonging to the Camellia family. However, regardless of propagation through cuttings or budding, the plant grows slowly. It typically takes three to four years for a potted Camellia to reach maturity. In recent years, grafting techniques using high-yield rootstocks have been widely applied in southern regions, achieving survival rates of over 90%. Once the grafted seedlings reach about 50 cm in height, they can flower within two years. Below is a detailed description of the grafting process:
1. **Rootstock Selection**: Camellia and Flos Sophora belong to the same family and share strong compatibility. White-flowered Camellia varieties are particularly suitable due to their strong adaptability, fast growth, and vigorous sprouting ability. Therefore, it's best to choose healthy, disease-free white-flowered Camellia with strong growth and abundant branches.
2. **Scion Selection**: Scions should be taken from fine clones on the upper and outer branches of the parent plant. The selected branches should be robust, with full buds, normal leaf color, and no signs of pests or diseases. In spring, use one-year-old spring shoots, while in autumn, use either spring or summer shoots from the same year. Collect them early in the morning and place them in a container filled with water to prevent dehydration. Avoid old or diseased branches; only select young, healthy ones.
3. **Grafting Time**: To maximize survival rates, grafting should be done during the rootstock’s active growth phase, when it is well-hydrated and nutrient-rich. The ideal period is between May and September, with June to July being the most favorable. At this time, temperatures are suitable, and the scion has partially lignified, ensuring higher survival rates—often above 90%.
4. **Grafting Method**:
- **Preparation of Rootstock**: Choose 2-4 branches on the tea tree that are smooth, disease-free, and in different directions. Cut the rootstock at 40–80 cm above the ground, making sure not to tear the stem. After cutting, lightly trim the wound. Leave 2–3 branches for shading and vegetative growth, and remove the rest.
- **Cutting the Rootstock**: Based on the size of the scion, make a single-sided cut on the rootstock’s fracture, exposing the xylem. If multiple scions are to be grafted onto one rootstock, make parallel cuts on both sides. Ensure the cut direction aligns with the future growth direction of the new shoots, favoring Camellia development.
- **Preparing the Scion**: Place the cut scion on a wooden board and use a single-edged knife to make a 2 cm-long cut just below the bud, on the opposite side of the bud. This cut should expose the xylem slightly. Then, make a 20–30 degree slant on the other side of the base. Cut the top of the scion 5 mm above the shoot, leaving one bud and one leaf (about half to two-thirds of the leaf). Place the prepared scion in clean water for later use.
- **Inserting the Scion**: Insert the scion into the rootstock’s cut, ensuring the bark of both parts aligns properly. Secure the interface by wrapping it tightly with plastic film tape (1–1.5 cm wide), from top to bottom, to prevent movement and maintain moisture.
5. **Post-Grafting Care**
- **Cleavage**: Check the healing progress 20–30 days after grafting. If the graft is successful, gradually prune the original rootstock, cutting back 1/2–2/3 of the trunk at 2–3 cm above the graft. Do not remove the main trunk immediately, as the scion cannot yet absorb nutrients on its own. Wait until the scion begins to sprout, usually around 70 days, before removing the trunk.
- **Loosening the Bandage**: When the scion starts to grow, carefully remove the initial bandage. After about 20 days, loosen the tight wraps to allow natural growth.
- **Removing Suckers**: The rootstock may produce many buds, which can compete with the scion. Remove these promptly to ensure the scion develops properly. Continue this process until the scion becomes dominant.
- **Pruning and Shaping**: Once the graft is established, perform shaping by tying the branches in the desired direction using string or soft ties, according to the needs of the Camellia tree’s structure.
This method ensures a high success rate and promotes healthy, vigorous growth of the grafted Camellia plants.
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