(1) Proper selection of finishing cattle is essential for successful beef production. It is recommended to use foreign meat breeds for crossbreeding with local cows. The ideal cattle should have a tall and lean body, loose skin, elastic muscles, and a well-defined skeleton. They should be soft-haired, healthy, and show good growth potential, leading to better weight gain and faster market readiness. Cattle aged between 2 to 4 years with an initial weight of 318–363 kg are preferred, as they have high feed efficiency, rapid daily weight gain, and shorter feeding periods, which improve cash flow.
(B) Improve Feed Utilization and Reduce Costs
1. Adjust the ratio of roughage to concentrate based on the fattening stage. In the first 30 days, the roughage-to-concentrate ratio should be 3:7 to 1:1, with a crude protein content of 12%. During the middle 70 days, the ratio should be adjusted to 6:4, with 11% crude protein. In the final 10–20 days, the ratio can be increased to 7:3 to 8:2, with a concentrate crude protein level of 10%. During this period, concentrate intake should reach 4–5 kg per head per day, while roughage should be available ad libitum.
2. Process feed scientifically. For concentrates, corn should be ground to over 1 mm, and sorghum to about 1 mm. Roughage should be cut and crushed to 5–10 mm in length to improve digestibility.
3. Use industrial by-products like brewer’s grains and starch slag combined with additives to replace up to 90% of the concentrate. For example, 15–20 kg of brewer’s grains per cow per day, along with 150 g of baking soda, 100 g of urea, and 100 g of a mineral premix, can maintain a daily gain of 1.5 kg. Similar formulas apply to starch sludge, tofu residue, and other by-products.
4. Utilize silage and ammoniation techniques. Corn silage is an excellent feed for finishing cattle. Adding 2% urea to the dry matter of corn silage can significantly improve performance.
(III) Improve Feeding Techniques and Management Practices
1. Implement a restricted feeding strategy during the early stages of fattening and allow free access to concentrates in the later stages. This method can increase feed efficiency by around 5%.
2. Separate males and females for better growth. Bulls typically gain 10% more than heifers, but castration may negatively affect growth if done too late. Hormonal or drug-based methods are not recommended due to residues and health concerns.
3. Use an appropriate urease inhibitor premix to boost daily gains by over 18%.
4. Maintain good hygiene, control diseases, and regularly deworm both internal and external parasites to ensure animal health.
5. Slaughter cattle when they reach 500 kg, as beyond this weight, the cost of gaining each kilogram increases, reducing profitability.
(D) Select Scientific Formulas
1. A formula based on silage corn (wet basis): 80.8% silage corn, 17.1% corn, and 2.1% cottonseed meal.
2. A formula using distiller’s grains (for 300 kg growing cattle): 1.5 kg corn, 15 kg fresh lees, 2.5 kg straw, 70 g urea, 30 g salt, and 100 g of a premix. Urea helps balance nitrogen levels in the rumen.
3. For cattle under 300 kg: 61 kg corn, 15 kg bran, 20 kg cottonseed cake, 1 kg salt, 1 kg bone meal, and 100 g of premix per day, with free access to roughage and 2 kg of concentrate.
4. For cattle over 300 kg: 70 kg corn, 13 kg bran, 15 kg cottonseed cake, 1 kg salt, 1 kg bone meal, and 100 g of premix per day, with 3–3.5 kg of concentrate and free access to roughage.
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