The damage of sweet sorghum pests is one of the important factors affecting the development of the sweet sorghum industry. In order to prevent problems, the diseases, pests and potential pests and diseases that have occurred in sweet sorghum are described below.
1 Disease
1.1 Head smut occurs mainly on the ear, commonly known as "Umi". Generally killed plants are short. The disease symptoms were obvious during the flag-raising period. The flag leaves were tightly packaged with sick ears, and the middle ear was bulging. The initial stripping of the leaves was white-wrapped filaments. After heading, the upper white skin was slightly reddish, and the cracks were scattered black. The powder subsequently exposed a cluster of residual filamentous vascular tissue. Winter spores spread through soil and seeds. Sweet sorghum seeds are from 1 to 1.5 cm in length from the tip of the dew-white to the most suitable period for the infection.
Control methods: In the fields with no disease or little incidence, the panicles are reserved for seed selection; disease-resistant varieties are selected; diseased plants are found to be cut down in time, and the diseased plants are cut off before the breakage of the ash packs and pulled out to the ground for destruction. If diseased ears are used to feed livestock or manure, the manure must be decomposed before it can be used to reduce the source of bacteria. After the seeds have been screened, selected by the wind, they are treated with pesticides, and they are treated with chemicals; the planting structure is implemented for more than three years. To reduce soil bacteria and reduce its harm.
1.2 Anthracnose can occur from seedling stage to heading stage. The brown dots appear on the tip of the tip, then expand into ovals or merge into irregular lesions, the edges are purplish or purple black, the central hazel, the black spots on both sides of the leaves are conidia, in soil moisture and atmosphere Severe onset of humidity. When the disease occurs, the function of the leaves is reduced, affecting the yield of stems and grains.
Control methods: remove diseased plant residues, burn or bury; sterilize with suitable bactericidal agents, sterilize after rinsing, and sow after rinsing; use bactericidal agent for prevention and treatment at the early stage of disease; select resistant varieties.
1.3 Rust disease can occur during the seedling stage, resulting in the summer spores heap. The edge of the spore pile is purple, mostly on the back of the leaf. The summer spores can spread through the air flow and can infect the plants again. They appear light yellow dots at the beginning, and then gradually form elliptic and slightly raised small spots. After the rupture, they emit rust-like. The auburn and dark brown powder, namely the summer spores and the teliospores. Winter spores are overwintering in field diseased plant residues. Over dense plants, poor drainage, and partial application of nitrogen fertilizer will aggravate the disease.
Control methods: At the end of autumn, clean the residue of field diseased plants to reduce the spread of pathogenic bacteria; timely apply nitrogen fertilizer, pay attention to drainage and flood control during the growth period, strengthen field management; at the early stage of disease, use field chemicals for prevention and treatment; select resistant varieties.
1.4 Scattered head smut showed symptoms after heading. The vicious plants were heading late, shorter, thinner, and fewer nodes than the healthy plants; the spikes and inside and outside of each spikelet on the diseased ear were turned into black powder due to damage. There is a grayish white film on the outside, which turns into an oval gray bag. It protrudes from the glume and the outer membrane ruptures. Black-brown powdery chlamydospores are released, exposing the long axis, which is formed by the host tissue. The diseased ear was also slightly longer than the Jiansui. The disease is mainly infected by seeds. After the seeds of diseased seeds are sown, germs and seeds germinate at the same time, invade the host tissue, develop toward the growing point, and finally invade the panicle, forming a diseased ear. Pharmaceutical treatment with the same smut, ear disease and pods should be destroyed, to reduce the source of bacteria.
1.5 Sambucus maculosa leaf spot fusiform, central hazel, purplish-brown, often with irregular round veins, large lesions, generally about 20 ~ 604 ~ 10mm, both sides of the lesion black moldy , which is the fruiting body of the germ. Normally, it develops gradually upwards from the lower part of the plant. In wet conditions, lesions develop rapidly and fuse with each other, causing dry leaves. The disease occurred earlier and suffered serious damage in July. It was the main reason for the large sorghum tumbling caused by normal and rainy years.
Control methods: selection of disease-resistant varieties; timely autumn ploughing, deep-buried soil of diseased plant residues, pay special attention to sorghum can not be lacking in late fertility, to reduce the incidence.
2 Pests Many pests are harmful to sweet sorghum. The main insect pests are as follows:
2.1 Underground pests
2.1.1 There are mainly African locusts and North China crickets that occur in China. North China locusts are mainly distributed in northern China, and African locusts are distributed throughout the country. Life history is longer, 1 year or 1 generation. Nocturnal, strong phototaxis, addicted to sweet substances, endanger the roots of sweet sorghum, causing seedling death.
Control methods: Insecticides are applied in planting ditch before sowing or sowing; Seed dressing; In sorghum field, dig a small pit every 20m or so, then put horse dung or fresh grass with water into the pit. After insects were trapped, they were killed during the day. Or put poison baits in the pit; spring can dig nests and exterminate insects, dig nests and destroy eggs in the summer.
2.1.2 Scarabae (scarab) There are mainly Korean beetles and oriental scarabs. Its life history is long, adults or larvae in the soil in winter, adults sunrise or nocturnal, the majority of the latter. Night out species tend to have phototaxis, usually with dead-dead habits. Harm the roots of the seedlings, resulting in broken seedlings.
Control methods: apply appropriate amount of insecticide along the planting groove per acre; artificial killing or light trapping of adult insects; fertilization must be used when fully decomposed manure, otherwise easy to grow oysters; can intercropping ramie, have a variety of beetles entice, poison Killing effect; the use of artificial light trapping during the eclosion period; the use of bacterial insecticides to control earthworms also has a certain effect, mainly with Japan's Bacillus aureus.
2.2 Seedling pests are mainly sorghum long stink bugs, concentrated in the seedling stems, sucking seedling sap, affecting the seedling growth, serious seedling deaths.
Control methods: When the adults clusters are overwintering, lift the stones and search grasses to catch overwintering larvae; when the humidity is high, use Beauveria bassiana to control.
2.3 Leaf pests
2.3.1 Many locusts are harmful to sweet sorghum, but they are the most serious. It can occur in high temperatures and droughts. The worms have a short generation and rapid reproduction. They use the eggs to overwinter on the grass. After the temperature reaches 10°C in the spring, they hatch, feed on the grass roots, and then move on to the tender stems for feeding. After the second generation, the winged and female winged females were moved to the sorghum after the emergence of the sorghum in June. The parasites were fed on the back of the leaves for feeding and nutrients. The initial stage of the attack was mostly on the lower leaves and gradually increased towards the upper part of the plants. Spread the leaves, spread the back of the leaves full of worms, and secrete a lot of honey dew, dripping on the lower leaves and stems, shiny, so called "oil", affecting plant photosynthesis and normal growth, resulting in red leaves , "Bald neck", "Shaojian", small spikelets, increased grain tannin content, astringent rice, seriously affecting its yield and quality.
Control methods: At the beginning, the leaves with locusts are gently laid down and taken out of the field for deep burial, which has a certain effect on controlling the spread of locusts; it can be controlled by pesticides, but it is necessary to pay attention to some varieties that are allergic to organophosphorus pesticides. Do not use; can also use the method of soybean intercropping to improve the microclimate in the field; in the great year of occurrence, available low-volume pesticide spray.
2.3.2 The moth has one generation in North China in one year, and it spends winter at 6~10cm deep in the earth, emerges in late June, and grows in mid-July. After mating, it spawns on the back of sorghum leaf, and eggs Dispersed. After hatching, the larvae feed on the leaves, causing a hazard period of about 1 month and wintering. Adults grow into nights, have phototaxis, hi moist, dark, often on the back of leaves. In July, if the rain is continuous and the climate is cool, it is easy to happen. Viscous soil is heavier than sandy soil.
Control methods: artificial capture of larvae. The moth larvae are hypertrophic, inactive and easy to catch. They can be trapped and killed according to the victim. During the winter, they dig or remove the egg mass during the egg period;
2.3.3 The armyworm does not have diapause during its growth and development. If conditions are suitable, it can breed all year round. Therefore, generations vary from region to region in our country. The higher the latitude, the fewer generations there will be. Nocturnal, there is a strong tendency towards black light. It is a common pest of grass crops, where larvae feed on leaves and even gnaw on their ears.
Control methods: From the initial stage of adult egg laying, the wheat field is inserted into the wheat field for 150 hectares per hectare to induce their spawning, and every 2 days for 1 time, the wheatgrass is burned, and the eggs can also be collected in the field during spawning; At the time, every 0.13 to 0.20 hectares is equipped with a sweet and sour wine trap, or 30 to 45 poplars or cereal straws are set per hectare. The day-to-day trapping can significantly reduce the amount of eggs and larvae in the field. Application of diflubenzuron and other natural enemies A small lethal agent is used for chemical control.
2.4 Stem pests
2.4.1 The corn glutinous corn borer is harmful in the sorghum producing areas in northwest, north, northeast and east China. The corn alfalfa generation occurs due to different climatic conditions, and can occur every year for 1 to 6 generations. Control methods: When corn borer damages the heart and leaves, pesticides (organic phosphorus allergy varieties are used with caution); Egg hatching, with Pesticides for heart and leaf prevention.
2.4.2 Infestations occur in the North China, Henan, and Jiangsu provinces for 2 generations in 1 year. The young larvae feed on the leaf flesh in the heart leaves, leaving only the epidermis and window paper. When the age increases, they bite into irregular holes or blemishes. Into the stem feeding hazards, and some bite the growth point, so that the formation of sorghum heart-shaped, easy to fold the stems. The mature larvae in the sorghum stalks overwintering, the main damage summer sweet sorghum or late-maturing varieties.
Control methods: Similar to corn mash, if it occurs simultaneously with corn mash, it can be controlled at the same time, such as a period of time (more than 10 days), it must be sprayed more than once; the overwintering larvae of larvae are more in the upper part of the culm, when harvesting It is possible to reduce the amount of overwintering larvae by adopting a long heading method.
2.5 Spike pests
2.5.1 Myzus persicae is endangered during the green rice period. The larvae feed on the grains. After 3rd instar, they crawl out of the net-combined spikelets. When they pass through the inner layer, the seeds can be eaten and damaged. In severe cases, the entire ear can be eaten, and the larvae can be bored. Department of excrement, easy to cause mold, so that the quality of sorghum decreased. In North China, 2 to 3 generations occurred in 1 year, and 4 to 5 generations in the Yangtze River Valley. The last mature larvae were overwintered in the gaps of sorghum, corn, ramie stubble, and sunflower disk and warehouse depots. Adults have strong chemotaxis, and adults after eclosion must feed on supplementary nutrients before spawning.
Prevention and control method: clear overwintering insects in overwintering sites, and eliminate overwintering insects on rice straw, tassels, etc. during threshing. Overcast winter larvae in the gaps in the warehouse and bark of the orchard also need to be killed; the number of eggs and larvae at the heading stage of sorghum should be investigated. When the rate of worm (egg) plants reaches 20% or more, the pesticides are required to be controlled.
2.5.2 Millet millet occurs in 2 to 3 generations in 1 year. The mature larvae live in the valley, wintering, and the wintering larvae in the northeast and northwestern areas are about to disappear in late May. The hazard period is from June to September, and the field generations overlap. The 1st and 2nd generation larvae damage the seedlings, causing dead heart and overwintering with mature larvae or cockroaches.
Prevention and control method: in the autumn, the fields are turned over, the root larvae are exposed on the ground, the overwintering larvae are killed under low temperature and dry conditions, the dead heart seedlings are manually removed and burned in a concentrated manner, the pests are controlled, chemical control is performed when necessary, and light trapping is used.
The above-mentioned pests and diseases are just the main species that occur on sweet sorghum. With the continuous expansion of planting areas, new pests and diseases will continue to emerge. In accordance with the requirements of the Plant Protection Policy and the purpose of protecting the environment, we must adopt comprehensive measures to control pests and diseases so as to minimize the damage. If blindly pursuing the high yield of sweet sorghum and destroying the environmental conditions on which human beings live depends on their merits and losses.
1 Disease
1.1 Head smut occurs mainly on the ear, commonly known as "Umi". Generally killed plants are short. The disease symptoms were obvious during the flag-raising period. The flag leaves were tightly packaged with sick ears, and the middle ear was bulging. The initial stripping of the leaves was white-wrapped filaments. After heading, the upper white skin was slightly reddish, and the cracks were scattered black. The powder subsequently exposed a cluster of residual filamentous vascular tissue. Winter spores spread through soil and seeds. Sweet sorghum seeds are from 1 to 1.5 cm in length from the tip of the dew-white to the most suitable period for the infection.
Control methods: In the fields with no disease or little incidence, the panicles are reserved for seed selection; disease-resistant varieties are selected; diseased plants are found to be cut down in time, and the diseased plants are cut off before the breakage of the ash packs and pulled out to the ground for destruction. If diseased ears are used to feed livestock or manure, the manure must be decomposed before it can be used to reduce the source of bacteria. After the seeds have been screened, selected by the wind, they are treated with pesticides, and they are treated with chemicals; the planting structure is implemented for more than three years. To reduce soil bacteria and reduce its harm.
1.2 Anthracnose can occur from seedling stage to heading stage. The brown dots appear on the tip of the tip, then expand into ovals or merge into irregular lesions, the edges are purplish or purple black, the central hazel, the black spots on both sides of the leaves are conidia, in soil moisture and atmosphere Severe onset of humidity. When the disease occurs, the function of the leaves is reduced, affecting the yield of stems and grains.
Control methods: remove diseased plant residues, burn or bury; sterilize with suitable bactericidal agents, sterilize after rinsing, and sow after rinsing; use bactericidal agent for prevention and treatment at the early stage of disease; select resistant varieties.
1.3 Rust disease can occur during the seedling stage, resulting in the summer spores heap. The edge of the spore pile is purple, mostly on the back of the leaf. The summer spores can spread through the air flow and can infect the plants again. They appear light yellow dots at the beginning, and then gradually form elliptic and slightly raised small spots. After the rupture, they emit rust-like. The auburn and dark brown powder, namely the summer spores and the teliospores. Winter spores are overwintering in field diseased plant residues. Over dense plants, poor drainage, and partial application of nitrogen fertilizer will aggravate the disease.
Control methods: At the end of autumn, clean the residue of field diseased plants to reduce the spread of pathogenic bacteria; timely apply nitrogen fertilizer, pay attention to drainage and flood control during the growth period, strengthen field management; at the early stage of disease, use field chemicals for prevention and treatment; select resistant varieties.
1.4 Scattered head smut showed symptoms after heading. The vicious plants were heading late, shorter, thinner, and fewer nodes than the healthy plants; the spikes and inside and outside of each spikelet on the diseased ear were turned into black powder due to damage. There is a grayish white film on the outside, which turns into an oval gray bag. It protrudes from the glume and the outer membrane ruptures. Black-brown powdery chlamydospores are released, exposing the long axis, which is formed by the host tissue. The diseased ear was also slightly longer than the Jiansui. The disease is mainly infected by seeds. After the seeds of diseased seeds are sown, germs and seeds germinate at the same time, invade the host tissue, develop toward the growing point, and finally invade the panicle, forming a diseased ear. Pharmaceutical treatment with the same smut, ear disease and pods should be destroyed, to reduce the source of bacteria.
1.5 Sambucus maculosa leaf spot fusiform, central hazel, purplish-brown, often with irregular round veins, large lesions, generally about 20 ~ 604 ~ 10mm, both sides of the lesion black moldy , which is the fruiting body of the germ. Normally, it develops gradually upwards from the lower part of the plant. In wet conditions, lesions develop rapidly and fuse with each other, causing dry leaves. The disease occurred earlier and suffered serious damage in July. It was the main reason for the large sorghum tumbling caused by normal and rainy years.
Control methods: selection of disease-resistant varieties; timely autumn ploughing, deep-buried soil of diseased plant residues, pay special attention to sorghum can not be lacking in late fertility, to reduce the incidence.
2 Pests Many pests are harmful to sweet sorghum. The main insect pests are as follows:
2.1 Underground pests
2.1.1 There are mainly African locusts and North China crickets that occur in China. North China locusts are mainly distributed in northern China, and African locusts are distributed throughout the country. Life history is longer, 1 year or 1 generation. Nocturnal, strong phototaxis, addicted to sweet substances, endanger the roots of sweet sorghum, causing seedling death.
Control methods: Insecticides are applied in planting ditch before sowing or sowing; Seed dressing; In sorghum field, dig a small pit every 20m or so, then put horse dung or fresh grass with water into the pit. After insects were trapped, they were killed during the day. Or put poison baits in the pit; spring can dig nests and exterminate insects, dig nests and destroy eggs in the summer.
2.1.2 Scarabae (scarab) There are mainly Korean beetles and oriental scarabs. Its life history is long, adults or larvae in the soil in winter, adults sunrise or nocturnal, the majority of the latter. Night out species tend to have phototaxis, usually with dead-dead habits. Harm the roots of the seedlings, resulting in broken seedlings.
Control methods: apply appropriate amount of insecticide along the planting groove per acre; artificial killing or light trapping of adult insects; fertilization must be used when fully decomposed manure, otherwise easy to grow oysters; can intercropping ramie, have a variety of beetles entice, poison Killing effect; the use of artificial light trapping during the eclosion period; the use of bacterial insecticides to control earthworms also has a certain effect, mainly with Japan's Bacillus aureus.
2.2 Seedling pests are mainly sorghum long stink bugs, concentrated in the seedling stems, sucking seedling sap, affecting the seedling growth, serious seedling deaths.
Control methods: When the adults clusters are overwintering, lift the stones and search grasses to catch overwintering larvae; when the humidity is high, use Beauveria bassiana to control.
2.3 Leaf pests
2.3.1 Many locusts are harmful to sweet sorghum, but they are the most serious. It can occur in high temperatures and droughts. The worms have a short generation and rapid reproduction. They use the eggs to overwinter on the grass. After the temperature reaches 10°C in the spring, they hatch, feed on the grass roots, and then move on to the tender stems for feeding. After the second generation, the winged and female winged females were moved to the sorghum after the emergence of the sorghum in June. The parasites were fed on the back of the leaves for feeding and nutrients. The initial stage of the attack was mostly on the lower leaves and gradually increased towards the upper part of the plants. Spread the leaves, spread the back of the leaves full of worms, and secrete a lot of honey dew, dripping on the lower leaves and stems, shiny, so called "oil", affecting plant photosynthesis and normal growth, resulting in red leaves , "Bald neck", "Shaojian", small spikelets, increased grain tannin content, astringent rice, seriously affecting its yield and quality.
Control methods: At the beginning, the leaves with locusts are gently laid down and taken out of the field for deep burial, which has a certain effect on controlling the spread of locusts; it can be controlled by pesticides, but it is necessary to pay attention to some varieties that are allergic to organophosphorus pesticides. Do not use; can also use the method of soybean intercropping to improve the microclimate in the field; in the great year of occurrence, available low-volume pesticide spray.
2.3.2 The moth has one generation in North China in one year, and it spends winter at 6~10cm deep in the earth, emerges in late June, and grows in mid-July. After mating, it spawns on the back of sorghum leaf, and eggs Dispersed. After hatching, the larvae feed on the leaves, causing a hazard period of about 1 month and wintering. Adults grow into nights, have phototaxis, hi moist, dark, often on the back of leaves. In July, if the rain is continuous and the climate is cool, it is easy to happen. Viscous soil is heavier than sandy soil.
Control methods: artificial capture of larvae. The moth larvae are hypertrophic, inactive and easy to catch. They can be trapped and killed according to the victim. During the winter, they dig or remove the egg mass during the egg period;
2.3.3 The armyworm does not have diapause during its growth and development. If conditions are suitable, it can breed all year round. Therefore, generations vary from region to region in our country. The higher the latitude, the fewer generations there will be. Nocturnal, there is a strong tendency towards black light. It is a common pest of grass crops, where larvae feed on leaves and even gnaw on their ears.
Control methods: From the initial stage of adult egg laying, the wheat field is inserted into the wheat field for 150 hectares per hectare to induce their spawning, and every 2 days for 1 time, the wheatgrass is burned, and the eggs can also be collected in the field during spawning; At the time, every 0.13 to 0.20 hectares is equipped with a sweet and sour wine trap, or 30 to 45 poplars or cereal straws are set per hectare. The day-to-day trapping can significantly reduce the amount of eggs and larvae in the field. Application of diflubenzuron and other natural enemies A small lethal agent is used for chemical control.
2.4 Stem pests
2.4.1 The corn glutinous corn borer is harmful in the sorghum producing areas in northwest, north, northeast and east China. The corn alfalfa generation occurs due to different climatic conditions, and can occur every year for 1 to 6 generations. Control methods: When corn borer damages the heart and leaves, pesticides (organic phosphorus allergy varieties are used with caution); Egg hatching, with Pesticides for heart and leaf prevention.
2.4.2 Infestations occur in the North China, Henan, and Jiangsu provinces for 2 generations in 1 year. The young larvae feed on the leaf flesh in the heart leaves, leaving only the epidermis and window paper. When the age increases, they bite into irregular holes or blemishes. Into the stem feeding hazards, and some bite the growth point, so that the formation of sorghum heart-shaped, easy to fold the stems. The mature larvae in the sorghum stalks overwintering, the main damage summer sweet sorghum or late-maturing varieties.
Control methods: Similar to corn mash, if it occurs simultaneously with corn mash, it can be controlled at the same time, such as a period of time (more than 10 days), it must be sprayed more than once; the overwintering larvae of larvae are more in the upper part of the culm, when harvesting It is possible to reduce the amount of overwintering larvae by adopting a long heading method.
2.5 Spike pests
2.5.1 Myzus persicae is endangered during the green rice period. The larvae feed on the grains. After 3rd instar, they crawl out of the net-combined spikelets. When they pass through the inner layer, the seeds can be eaten and damaged. In severe cases, the entire ear can be eaten, and the larvae can be bored. Department of excrement, easy to cause mold, so that the quality of sorghum decreased. In North China, 2 to 3 generations occurred in 1 year, and 4 to 5 generations in the Yangtze River Valley. The last mature larvae were overwintered in the gaps of sorghum, corn, ramie stubble, and sunflower disk and warehouse depots. Adults have strong chemotaxis, and adults after eclosion must feed on supplementary nutrients before spawning.
Prevention and control method: clear overwintering insects in overwintering sites, and eliminate overwintering insects on rice straw, tassels, etc. during threshing. Overcast winter larvae in the gaps in the warehouse and bark of the orchard also need to be killed; the number of eggs and larvae at the heading stage of sorghum should be investigated. When the rate of worm (egg) plants reaches 20% or more, the pesticides are required to be controlled.
2.5.2 Millet millet occurs in 2 to 3 generations in 1 year. The mature larvae live in the valley, wintering, and the wintering larvae in the northeast and northwestern areas are about to disappear in late May. The hazard period is from June to September, and the field generations overlap. The 1st and 2nd generation larvae damage the seedlings, causing dead heart and overwintering with mature larvae or cockroaches.
Prevention and control method: in the autumn, the fields are turned over, the root larvae are exposed on the ground, the overwintering larvae are killed under low temperature and dry conditions, the dead heart seedlings are manually removed and burned in a concentrated manner, the pests are controlled, chemical control is performed when necessary, and light trapping is used.
The above-mentioned pests and diseases are just the main species that occur on sweet sorghum. With the continuous expansion of planting areas, new pests and diseases will continue to emerge. In accordance with the requirements of the Plant Protection Policy and the purpose of protecting the environment, we must adopt comprehensive measures to control pests and diseases so as to minimize the damage. If blindly pursuing the high yield of sweet sorghum and destroying the environmental conditions on which human beings live depends on their merits and losses.
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