Since the mid-1970s, there have been attempts to transfer foreign genes to animals in various ways. If the genes specific to milk components are transferred into the body of a white mouse, after the foreign genes are reconstituted in the rats, the milk secreted by the rats contains milk components. This kind of artificial mouse is a transgenic mouse.
At the heart of transgenic animal technology is the transfer of a genetic unit of function, the gene, into the animal, making it part of the body of the animal. The transferred genes can be from the same or different species of animals, or from plants or microorganisms. In this way, the boundary between species is broken, and animals can also be said to be able to cross plants and microorganisms. However, the current hybridization is low level, limited to one or two genes that are responsible for one or two traits. With the development of science and technology, there will be more and more genetic information that can be transferred at a time. At that time, it will be possible to achieve a true hybrid of animals and plants. Scientifically, this will be a major breakthrough. At present, various methods for producing transgenic animals have been reported in the world, but there are only two methods that are truly mature and can stably produce transgenic animals, namely microinjection of DNA methods and sperm-mediated gene transfer methods.
The method of microinjection of DNA is genetic manipulation of single cell embryos, involving complex procedures. The first is to accurately grasp the sex cycle of the female animal, and on this basis, it is manually adjusted so that the female animal ovulates at a predetermined time to ensure that a large number of single-cell embryos that have just been fertilized are obtained. The second step is to collect single-cell embryos surgically or non-surgically. After a brief centrifugation, they are placed under a microscope and injected into the cell nucleus with 500-600 copies of the gene. The DNA-injected embryos are then transplanted into the body of another female that is in the same cycle. After this treatment, 1% to 3% of transgenic animals will appear in the offspring. Although the efficiency is not high, the result is quite stable. Thousands of experiments have been conducted on various animals all over the world and transgenic animals can be produced.
Sperm-mediated gene transfer is the ability of the sperm to carry foreign genes after proper treatment. Then, the estrus mothers are inseminated with the sperm that carries the foreign gene. In the offspring born to the dam, there is a certain percentage of animals that are transgenic animals that have integrated foreign genes. Sperm-mediated gene transfer has two advantages over microinjection: First, it costs very little, only 1/10th the cost of microinjection. Second, because it does not involve the surgical treatment of animals, it is possible to conduct trials with production herds or herds to ensure that each trial can be successful.
The research on the production of transgenic animals has become increasingly active since the 1990s. The practical significance of transgenic animal technology is: 1 to produce livestock and poultry with excellent characteristics, such as fast-growing, high-fertility, disease-resistant, etc.; 2 The animal body acts as a reactor and produces precious proteins, such as some proteins that can only be extracted from the human body. 3 Animals are used as research models. For example, it is known that hypertension is caused by a certain cause and some hypertensive mice can be produced. Let doctors try a variety of therapies on mice; 4 Produce pet animals, pony-like pony, rabbit-like rabbit, and a variety of different colors and patterns of ornamental animals.
In terms of transgenic animals, China has also made many gratifying achievements. At present, it has obtained transgenic fish, rabbits, chickens and other transgenic animals. In February 1998, Chinese scientists obtained transgenic goats containing protein coagulation factor X in their milk.
At the heart of transgenic animal technology is the transfer of a genetic unit of function, the gene, into the animal, making it part of the body of the animal. The transferred genes can be from the same or different species of animals, or from plants or microorganisms. In this way, the boundary between species is broken, and animals can also be said to be able to cross plants and microorganisms. However, the current hybridization is low level, limited to one or two genes that are responsible for one or two traits. With the development of science and technology, there will be more and more genetic information that can be transferred at a time. At that time, it will be possible to achieve a true hybrid of animals and plants. Scientifically, this will be a major breakthrough. At present, various methods for producing transgenic animals have been reported in the world, but there are only two methods that are truly mature and can stably produce transgenic animals, namely microinjection of DNA methods and sperm-mediated gene transfer methods.
The method of microinjection of DNA is genetic manipulation of single cell embryos, involving complex procedures. The first is to accurately grasp the sex cycle of the female animal, and on this basis, it is manually adjusted so that the female animal ovulates at a predetermined time to ensure that a large number of single-cell embryos that have just been fertilized are obtained. The second step is to collect single-cell embryos surgically or non-surgically. After a brief centrifugation, they are placed under a microscope and injected into the cell nucleus with 500-600 copies of the gene. The DNA-injected embryos are then transplanted into the body of another female that is in the same cycle. After this treatment, 1% to 3% of transgenic animals will appear in the offspring. Although the efficiency is not high, the result is quite stable. Thousands of experiments have been conducted on various animals all over the world and transgenic animals can be produced.
Sperm-mediated gene transfer is the ability of the sperm to carry foreign genes after proper treatment. Then, the estrus mothers are inseminated with the sperm that carries the foreign gene. In the offspring born to the dam, there is a certain percentage of animals that are transgenic animals that have integrated foreign genes. Sperm-mediated gene transfer has two advantages over microinjection: First, it costs very little, only 1/10th the cost of microinjection. Second, because it does not involve the surgical treatment of animals, it is possible to conduct trials with production herds or herds to ensure that each trial can be successful.
The research on the production of transgenic animals has become increasingly active since the 1990s. The practical significance of transgenic animal technology is: 1 to produce livestock and poultry with excellent characteristics, such as fast-growing, high-fertility, disease-resistant, etc.; 2 The animal body acts as a reactor and produces precious proteins, such as some proteins that can only be extracted from the human body. 3 Animals are used as research models. For example, it is known that hypertension is caused by a certain cause and some hypertensive mice can be produced. Let doctors try a variety of therapies on mice; 4 Produce pet animals, pony-like pony, rabbit-like rabbit, and a variety of different colors and patterns of ornamental animals.
In terms of transgenic animals, China has also made many gratifying achievements. At present, it has obtained transgenic fish, rabbits, chickens and other transgenic animals. In February 1998, Chinese scientists obtained transgenic goats containing protein coagulation factor X in their milk.
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