Mushrooms have a long fruiting period that spans three seasons: autumn, winter, and spring, lasting approximately 10 months. Typically, they are inoculated between August and September, and the cultivation process continues through November and December. Mushrooms grown before December are referred to as autumn mushrooms. Cultivating mushrooms using bag methods requires careful management during the autumn season. The key techniques include:
First, indoor cultivation. It takes over 60 days for the mushrooms to mature physiologically. After inoculation, the bags should be moved into a dedicated bacterial room for growth. The bags are arranged in "wells" with 8 to 9 layers stacked. The room temperature should be kept around 25°C, and the humidity should remain below 70%. In the first 1 to 6 days after inoculation, the mycelium is in recovery and germination phase, so the temperature can be raised to 28–30°C. During this time, the bags must not be turned or ventilated, and the room should remain dark.
By day 7 to 10, the mycelium begins to grow actively. At this stage, the temperature should be lowered to 26–28°C, and ventilation should be done 2–3 times daily. On day 7, the first turning of the pile occurs, ensuring that each bag is rotated to maintain uniform conditions. Handle the bags gently to avoid damaging the seal and causing contamination. Carefully inspect each bag for signs of infection. If small spots appear, apply a mixture of 75% alcohol (50 ml) and 25% formaldehyde (30 ml) directly to the affected area and seal it. If there is contamination near the inoculation site, remove the infected part and re-inoculate. For seal contamination, use 0.2% potassium permanganate or carbendazim on the affected areas.
After 11 to 15 days, the mycelium grows vigorously, expanding to 4–6 cm. The room temperature should be maintained at 24°C, and ventilation should increase for the second turn. One day later, drill small holes in the bags to improve oxygen supply and place four slant eyes around the growing mycelium. Ensure the bag temperature stays between 20–24°C, not exceeding 26°C. After 50 days, remove the doors and window shades to promote further mycelium development.
Second, color change. The timing and quality of the color change affect the early fruiting and yield. When the mycelium matures, it turns from white to reddish-brown and shows yellow water beads, followed by the formation of mushroom primordia. During this phase, increase air circulation and strengthen ventilation. When opening the cover, create a dry-wet environment to encourage color transformation.
Third, outdoor cultivation. Mushrooms are low-temperature fungi. Once the bag turns reddish-brown, move it outdoors under shade, cover it with wheat straw mats, and keep it moist. Cover it at night and uncover it during the day for 4–5 days to encourage fruiting.
Fourth, fruiting management. As temperatures gradually drop in autumn, the mycelium thrives. Mushrooms are harvested once daily, placed into the bed frame. Each bag is 7–10 cm long until fully covered with mushrooms. After placing the bags in the frame, cut the film around the mushroom buds with a sharp knife to allow harvesting. Generally, the mushrooms will not cover the film within 7–10 days. When the young mushrooms reach the size of a peanut seed, flowering can be encouraged.
Fifth, flowering period management.
1. Humidity: Maintain relative humidity inside the bags between 80% and 90%, with temperatures between 12–18°C and good ventilation. If humidity is too high, dehumidify first, then remove the film for an hour before re-covering. Use a stove to help reduce moisture. If it's too dry, add water to a pan, cover it with a film, and raise the temperature to 28°C. If the film drips with moisture, open windows and use a stove to control humidity.
2. Temperature: Since mushrooms respond well to temperature fluctuations, increasing the temperature difference between day and night can stimulate fruiting. Cover the bags during the day to let sunlight warm them up to 28°C, then open the film after 12 PM to allow cold air in, creating a 10°C temperature difference. Repeat this for 3–4 days to encourage large-scale fruiting.
3. Wet and dry cycle. When the mushrooms begin to bud and grow to 2–3 cm, spray the surface with water at noon on sunny days to speed up fruiting body development. Then, open the film at night to let in cold air, dry the cap, and re-cover it. This wet-dry alternation helps the cap split and form flower-shaped mushrooms.
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