Mushrooms have a long fruiting period that spans three seasons: autumn, winter, and spring, lasting about 10 months. The inoculation process typically begins in August or September, with mushroom cultivation taking place from November to December. Mushrooms grown before December are known as autumn mushrooms. Cultivating mushrooms through bag methods requires careful attention, especially during the autumn season. Here are the key techniques involved:
First, indoor bacterial culture is essential. It takes over 60 days for the mushrooms to mature physiologically. After inoculation, the bags should be moved into a dedicated bacterium room for proper growth. The bags are arranged in "wells" and stacked 8 to 9 layers high. The room temperature should be kept around 25°C, with humidity below 70%. For the first 1–6 days after inoculation, the mycelium is in recovery and germination mode, so the temperature can be raised to 28–30°C. During this time, the bags must not be turned or ventilated, and the room should remain dark. By day 7–10, the mycelium starts to grow actively, and the temperature should be lowered to 26–28°C. Ventilation should occur 2–3 times daily, and on day 7, the first turning of the heap should take place. This involves swapping the positions of the bags to ensure even growth. Handle them gently to avoid damage or contamination. Check for any signs of infection, such as star-shaped spots, and treat them with a mixture of 75% alcohol and 25% formaldehyde. If contamination occurs near the inoculation site, remove the affected part and re-inoculate. For seal contamination, apply 0.2% potassium permanganate or carbendazim.
After 11–15 days, the mycelium will be growing vigorously, expanding to 4–6 cm. Maintain a temperature of 24°C and increase ventilation for the second turn. A day later, use bamboo sticks to drill holes in the bags, allowing more oxygen in. Place four slant eyes around the mycelium. Keep the bag temperature between 20–24°C, not exceeding 26°C. After 50 days, remove the doors and windows' shades to encourage further mycelium growth.
Second, the color change of the bacterial bags is crucial. The timing and quality of this phase directly affect the fruiting period and yield. When the mycelium matures, it changes from white to reddish-brown and develops yellow water droplets, signaling the formation of mushroom primordia. During this stage, increase light exposure and improve ventilation. Open the cover to create a dry-wet environment that promotes color conversion.
Third, outdoor mushroom cultivation comes next. Once the bags turn reddish-brown, they are moved outside under shade, covered with wheat straw mats, and kept moist. They are covered at night and uncovered during the day for 4–5 days to allow the mushrooms to develop.
Fourth, fruiting management is critical. As temperatures gradually drop in autumn, the mycelium grows stronger. Mushrooms are harvested once daily, placed into the bed frame, and cut carefully with a sharp knife. The bags are 7–10 cm long until all mushrooms are harvested. Within 7–10 days, the mushrooms will emerge without covering the film.
Fifth, managing the flowering period involves several factors:
1. Humidity: Keep the relative humidity inside the bags between 80% and 90%, with a temperature range of 12–18°C. Ensure good ventilation and astigmatism. If humidity is too high, dehumidify first, then open the film for an hour before re-covering. Use a stove to help reduce moisture. If dry, add water to a pan and cover with film to raise the temperature to 28°C. If the film drips moisture, open the windows and use a stove to manage the humidity.
2. Temperature: Mushrooms thrive in fluctuating conditions. By increasing the temperature during the day (up to 28°C) and lowering it at night, you can create a 10°C difference, which encourages more mushrooms to form. Cover the bags during the day and open them after 12 PM to let cold air in.
3. Wet and dry cycles: When the mushrooms begin to bud and grow to 2–3 cm, mist the surface on sunny afternoons to speed up fruiting. At night, open the film to expose the mushrooms to cooler air, drying the caps. Then re-cover them. Using a combination of wet and dry conditions helps the cap split and form the desired flower-shaped mushrooms.
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