At present, the primary symptom of the disease affecting mushrooms is the appearance of spots on the caps. This condition is commonly associated with cockroach infestations. To effectively prevent it, understanding the causes and control methods is essential.
Black spot disease, caused by *Pseudomonas* bacteria, typically manifests as oval, brown or dark brown spots on the mushroom caps. Initially, these spots are needle-like in size, gradually expanding to 2–4 mm in diameter, with clear edges. In some cases, the cap may crack. To manage this, maintaining proper temperature and humidity levels is crucial. When watering the mushroom house, avoid directly spraying water onto the fruit bodies, especially cold water. The humidity inside should not remain above 90% for extended periods. Adjust watering based on weather conditions—light and frequent watering on sunny days, and minimal or no watering during rain. After each watering, ensure proper ventilation before re-covering the area. Keep the indoor temperature below 17°C during the fruiting stage. If the disease occurs, remove affected mushrooms and apply a solution containing 100–200 units of streptomycin or 600-fold diluted bleach per milliliter.
Rust spot disease, also caused by *Pseudomonas* species, appears as small, irregular lesions that can merge into larger rust-colored patches. These spots start as needle-like formations and grow to resemble sesame seeds. The edges are not always neat, but they tend to combine over time. Prevention involves avoiding direct spraying on the fruit bodies and ensuring good ventilation after watering. Maintain indoor humidity below 95% for long periods. When the surface of the bacterial bag is covered with plastic film, dry it thoroughly before proceeding. Early treatment includes using a 50% carbendazim solution diluted 800 times or applying 100–200 units of agricultural streptomycin per milliliter.
Mushroom death is a common issue in cultivation, often due to environmental imbalances. Straw mushrooms thrive in high-temperature, high-humidity conditions. However, improper management of moisture and air circulation can lead to stress and eventual death. Sudden temperature fluctuations, such as those caused by poor insulation or incorrect watering practices, can be particularly damaging. Additionally, using old or low-quality spawn, or allowing bacterial or pest infestations, can significantly reduce yield.
To prevent these issues, maintain strict control over water content and use fresh, high-quality spawn. Keep the mushroom room at around 30°C, and adjust watering accordingly. During hot weather, mist the floor and increase ventilation to cool and moisten the environment. Limit the use of wheat bran on the bacterial layer to no more than 3%, which helps reduce the risk of mold and pests. Handle harvested mushrooms carefully to avoid physical damage or disruption of the mycelium layer. By paying attention to every stage of the process, growers can minimize mushroom deaths and improve overall productivity.
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