Chinese cabbage thrives in a cool climate, with an ideal average temperature of 18 to 20°C and full sunlight. It can briefly withstand temperatures as low as -2 to -3°C. Dark green varieties are particularly sensitive to heat, so they require careful management in warmer conditions. The root system of milk cabbage is shallow and has limited nutrient absorption capacity, making consistent watering and fertilization essential throughout its growth cycle.
**Cultivation Tips:**
1. **Planting Period:** Chinese cabbage can be grown from spring to autumn during frost-free periods, mainly for harvesting young plants. In spring, when temperatures are lower, it takes about 40 days to mature. For summer to fall harvests, the cycle is shorter, taking 22 to 28 days. During colder seasons, it's best to grow it in protected environments, allowing for year-round production.
2. **Sowing Methods:** For large plant harvesting, the nursery transplant method is recommended. Seedlings typically take 20 to 25 days to develop before transplanting, with spacing of 15 cm by 15 cm. The time from planting to harvest is approximately 30 days. When sowing directly, seed drills should be spaced 12 to 15 cm apart, with 10 to 15 cm between seedlings. A typical sowing rate is 400–500 grams per acre.
3. **Field Management:**
(1) **Water and Fertilizer Application:** Since Chinese cabbage has a short growth cycle, it’s best to apply organic fertilizer as a base and supplement with chemical fertilizers during the growing season. Foliar sprays can also be used. Topdressing should focus on quick-release nitrogen. The timing, amount, and method of fertilization should be adjusted based on seedling condition, soil quality, and weather. Watering should be done in conjunction with topdressing. After transplanting, avoid water stress for 3–5 days, especially in summer, where daily watering for 3–4 days is recommended.
(2) **Weeding and Soil Cultivation:** Direct-seeded fields benefit from herbicides for weed control, while manual weeding is suitable during the seedling stage.
4. **Disease and Pest Control:** Common diseases include viral infections, downy mildew, and leaf spot. Prevention involves crop rotation, avoiding cruciferous crops nearby, proper irrigation, and increasing phosphorus and potassium levels to boost plant resistance. Fungicides like chlorothalonil can be applied for treatment. Major pests include aphids, cabbage worms, and diamondback moths. Early detection and standard pest control methods used for other cruciferous vegetables should be applied.
**Harvest and Seed Collection:**
1. **Harvesting:** Adult plants are ready for harvest when the outer leaves close tightly around the central leaves, and the heart leaves become flush with the outer ones. At this stage, each plant weighs about 275 grams, with a yield of 1000–1600 kg per mu.
2. **Seed Collection:** To maintain seed purity, Chinese cabbage seeds must be isolated from other related crops. The isolation distance should be at least 2,000 meters for original seed farms and 1,000 meters for commercial production. Seeds are often produced using small strains, especially in northern farming regions.
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