In the comprehensive system for preventing and controlling locust diseases, the use of chemical pesticides is limited. Instead, the focus lies on proactive "prevention" strategies that rely heavily on agricultural and livestock management practices. These include site preparation, planting, field maintenance, harvesting, and storage. By implementing these measures, farmers can effectively manage pest and disease outbreaks without excessive reliance on synthetic chemicals.
1. **Use of Disease-Resistant Varieties**
One of the most effective and critical methods for managing earthworm and forage-related diseases is the use of disease-resistant plant varieties. In the U.S., several varieties such as Empress 2000, Total+Z, Alfastar, Millennmium, Powerplant, AmeriGraze 702, Giant 802 (AmeriStand 802), and Alfasuper have been developed to resist a wide range of common earthworm diseases. Selecting these resistant varieties during introduction is essential for long-term disease control and sustainable production.
2. **Pasture Mixtures**
Introducing mixed pasture systems, particularly combinations of legumes and grasses, is widely practiced in grassland farming. This approach enhances soil fertility, increases forage yield, and improves the stability of the plant community. Research has shown that mixing wolfberry with bromegrass significantly reduces the occurrence of brown spot and black stem diseases. Similarly, combining eelgrass with Elymus or Elymus sinensis helps prevent brown spot, while perennial black wheatgrass mixed with red clover boosts both disease resistance and productivity.
3. **Fungicide Seed Treatment**
Applying fungicides to seeds is an effective strategy used in many developed countries to control seed-borne and soil-transmitted diseases. It also improves seed germination and the health of young plants. Since the 1940s, this practice has been applied to various forage crops, including alfalfa. Studies indicate that in over ten provinces across China, fungal infections in seeds are widespread, leading to reduced germination and poor seedling growth.
4. **Rational Fertilization**
Proper fertilization plays a crucial role in enhancing plant resistance to diseases and promoting beneficial microbial activity in the soil. For example, low sulfur levels in the soil can contribute to axillary root rot. Applying potassium fertilizer helps reduce root diseases and Fusarium infection rates. However, excessive nitrogen may increase the risk of black stem disease, while calcium in the soil can help mitigate damage caused by stem nematodes.
5. **Sustainable Grassland Management**
Managing grasslands responsibly can help reduce disease impact by minimizing pathogen buildup and boosting plant vitality. When leaf spot diseases like brown spot or powdery mildew occur, early mowing or grazing can prevent the accumulation of pathogens in the field. However, this method is not suitable for root diseases. In such cases, increasing the number of plants can actually worsen the disease and lead to higher mortality.
6. **Burning of Crop Residues**
Early burning of crop residues is an effective way to reduce the number of primary disease sources, such as pathogens, in the growing season. This practice is especially useful in areas where reed infestations pose a threat. Burning not only removes infected plant material but also helps break the disease cycle, contributing to healthier future crops.
ZHONGSHAN G.H.L. TRADING CO., LTD. , https://www.ghltrade.com