In the comprehensive system for preventing and controlling locust-related diseases, the use of pesticides is highly restricted. Instead, the focus lies on proactive measures such as agricultural and livestock management practices throughout the entire production cycle—ranging from site preparation, planting, field maintenance, harvesting, to storage and utilization.
1. **Use of Disease-Resistant Varieties**
One of the most effective and critical strategies in managing earthworm and other forage diseases is the use of disease-resistant varieties. In the U.S., several cultivars have been developed with strong resistance to common diseases, including Empress 2000, Total+Z, Alfastar, Millennmium, Powerplant, AmeriGraze 702, Giant 802 (also known as AmeriStand 802), and Alfasuper. These varieties are known to withstand a wide range of pathogens. Therefore, when introducing new earthworm species, it is essential to prioritize those with strong disease resistance.
2. **Pasture Mixtures**
Introducing a mix of different pasture species, particularly legumes and grasses, is widely practiced in grassland production. This approach enhances soil fertility, increases forage yield, and improves the stability of the plant community. Research has shown that mixing wolfberry with bromegrass can significantly reduce the occurrence of brown spot and black stem disease. Similarly, combining eelgrass with Elymus or Elymus sinensis helps resist brown spot, while perennial black wheatgrass mixed with red clover can enhance disease resistance and increase yield.
3. **Fungicide Seed Treatment**
Fungicide seed treatment is an effective method used in many developed countries to control seed-borne and soil-borne diseases. It also improves seed germination and the health of young seedlings. Since the 1940s, this practice has been applied to various forage crops, including alfalfa. Studies indicate that in over ten provinces in China, fungal infections in seeds are widespread, leading to reduced germination and poor seedling growth.
4. **Rational Fertilization**
Proper fertilization plays a key role in enhancing plant resistance to diseases and promoting beneficial microbial activity in the soil. Research shows that low sulfur levels in the soil contribute to axillary root rot. Potassium application can reduce the incidence of root diseases and the spread of Fusarium, while excessive nitrogen may increase the risk of black stem disease. Calcium in the soil helps mitigate damage caused by stem nematodes.
5. **Sustainable Grassland Management**
The rational use of grasslands is an important strategy to minimize disease impact by reducing pathogen populations and boosting plant vitality. For example, early mowing or grazing can help lower the buildup of leaf spot diseases like brown spot, downy mildew, and powdery mildew. However, this approach is not suitable for root diseases. When root diseases occur, increasing grazing intensity may worsen the condition and lead to higher plant mortality.
6. **Burning Crop Residues**
Early incineration of crop residues is an effective way to reduce the number of primary infection sources, such as pathogens, during the growing season. This method is especially useful in areas where reed infestations are problematic, helping to eliminate their harmful effects.
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