In recent years, as the price of soybeans has risen, more farmers have turned to planting soybeans, which has led to challenges in agricultural management. This increased planting area has also intensified the problem of soybean borers, a major pest that threatens soybean crops. Farmers are now more concerned about these pests than ever before. However, many still lack effective prevention and control methods, or their current strategies are not scientifically sound, leading to poor results.
Soybean borers cause serious damage through their larvae, which feed on the pods, drill into the tender green pods, and eat the immature beans. In some cases, they create small holes that resemble rabbit bites, seriously damaging up to one-third to one-half of the beans, resulting in incomplete and low-quality harvests. Moreover, the larvae excrete waste inside the soybean grains, causing contamination and reducing both the appearance and market value of the crop.
As the larvae grow, they eventually pupate and emerge as adults. Before the soybeans fully mature, the borers bore holes through the pods, exit, fall to the ground, and burrow into the soil for winter. This cycle of infestation significantly reduces both the yield and quality of soybeans, negatively impacting farmers' income and enthusiasm for planting. Therefore, it is crucial to implement comprehensive and effective control measures to manage this pest and support sustainable soybean production.
To combat soybean borers, several strategies can be employed:
1. **Planting Resistant Varieties**: Choosing insect-resistant or tolerant soybean varieties is an economical and efficient way to reduce borer damage. However, these varieties may perform differently depending on the region, so local conditions should be considered when selecting suitable strains.
2. **Crop Rotation**: Rotating soybeans with other crops can help reduce the buildup of borer populations. For example, planting soybeans at least 1,000 meters away from last year’s fields can prevent reinfestation. Field management practices such as frequent weeding and tilling can also disrupt the borer's life cycle.
3. **Deep Plowing and Soil Turning**: After harvesting, plowing the field deeply helps destroy overwintering sites of the borers. This process also brings buried larvae to the surface, where they are exposed to natural enemies, sunlight, and weather, increasing their mortality rate.
4. **Biological Control with Trichogramma**: Releasing Trichogramma wasps during the egg-laying period of soybean borers can effectively reduce their population. These wasps lay their eggs inside the borer eggs, preventing them from hatching. It is recommended to release 3–5 million Trichogramma per acre, ideally in early August and again around August 10.
5. **Using Beauveria bassiana**: This fungal biopesticide can infect and kill soybean borer larvae. When applied in early September, it is mixed with fine soil or plant ash and spread across the field. The fungus attacks the larvae as they burrow into the soil, reducing their survival rate.
6. **Dichlorvos Fumigation**: Fumigating with dichlorvos is effective during the adult moth emergence period. Corn or sorghum stalks are soaked in a solution of 80% dichlorvos and inserted into the field. However, care must be taken to avoid using this chemical in areas where sorghum is grown nearby, as it can harm the crop.
7. **Spraying Insecticides**: Spraying insecticides during the peak adult stage can help control both adult and larval populations. Effective options include 25% emulsifiable concentrate of cypermethrin, 50% fenvalerate, or 2.5% emulsifiable concentrate of lambda-cyhalothrin. These should be applied within six days after the adult peak, using appropriate dilution rates and spray techniques.
By combining these methods, farmers can better manage soybean borers and protect their crops. A multi-faceted approach ensures long-term sustainability, improves yield, and enhances the profitability of soybean farming.
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