In the modern intensive pig-breeding industry, the key to the prevention and control of epidemic diseases, the use of breeding pigs with excellent growth performance, the use of advanced equipment, and advanced management systems cannot be separated from a reasonable and comprehensive feed nutrition system. The ideal economic efficiency. At present, the total amount of feed ingredients for pigs varies from place to place. There are a wide variety of premixes and there are various types of premixes. Regardless of raw materials or premixes, any problems in any link will seriously affect the normal production of pig farmers and cause adverse consequences. According to the actual production experience, the feed nutrient factors affecting the growth and development of pigs at different stages are summarized as follows for your reference and criticism.
First, the impact of raw materials
Any feed ingredients must be fresh and free of mildew and deterioration.
1, corn
Maize is an annual grass plant of the genus Gramineae. It is native to South America and is the most widely distributed crop in the world. It is the most cultivated plant in the United States and China. There are two types of corn: early-maturing and late-maturing. The early-maturing corn is round, smooth on the top, bright and hard, rich in horniness, and contains a lot of protein; late-maturing corn kernels are flat, concave on the top, and have poor lightness and low protein content. Due to its rich starch content and high crude fat content, corn is the most important high-energy raw material needed for raising pigs.
1. When harvesting, the corn kernels are broken, which can result in the reduction of nutrients and even produce toxins. Because these corn kernels are often highly contaminated, they should be reduced or avoided during harvesting or storage. , insect bites and other phenomena, to avoid damage to its epidermis and shell.
2. When harvested, corn kernels that have not been stored in the sun are susceptible to mildew and deterioration and affect the feeding effect. In severe cases, zearalenone can be produced, which can cause sow pseudo-estrus and seriously affect growth. Under normal circumstances, in the storage process, the moisture of corn should be controlled under 14%, and pay attention to pest control in order to avoid mold. According to reports, the threshed wet corn is packed in a sack lined with a plastic bag and filled as far as possible. The oxygen in the bag is consumed due to the respiration of the corn itself. This not only makes it difficult for Aspergillus flavus to grow. The growth of other molds will also be inhibited. This is an economically convenient and promising method of preventing mold.
3, feed raw materials used for pigs, in order to prevent moldy, more use of old corn instead of fresh corn because of low moisture content of old corn, high nutritional value.
2, leather
The skin is composed of a small part of the processed endosperm, seed coat, and embryo of wheat. The crude fiber content is high and the energy value is low. The crude protein content is high, reaching 12.5 to 17%; therefore, the vitamin B content is high. In addition to serving as an energy source and nutrient source, and more importantly, its physical properties are relatively loose, in pig diets, the skin can play an important role in regulating the concentration of nutrients and changing the heavy nature of a large amount of concentrates. . In addition, the skin also has a laxative nature, and the postpartum sow can adjust the function of the digestive tract by giving a proper amount of skin. When using pigs to feed pigs, pay attention to:
1. After the skin becomes degraded, the pigs cannot be fed because the deteriorating feeds seriously affect the digestive function of the pigs, causing serious diarrhea, etc. and affecting the growth and development of the pigs.
2, can not add too much in the compound feed skin, because of its strong water absorption, too much skin in the feed can cause pig constipation. The skin should be added in an appropriate amount according to the size of the pig.
3, soybean meal
Soybean is native to China and mainly distributed in Northeast China, North China, Northwest China and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. According to analysis by the Institute of Animal Husbandry, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, soybeans contain 36.2% of crude protein and 16.1% of crude fat, and are rich in protein, fat, and other nutrients, and are suitable for pigs as a concentrate feed. Soybean meal is an accessory of soybean after oil extraction and belongs to protein raw material.
1. As a raw material for protein feed, the content of soybean meal in compound feeds must be determined according to the pig's different growth stages and growth requirements, and its amount should not be too high or too low.
2, according to the content of protein in soybean meal itself, properly adjust its percentage in compound feed. Because of the natural disasters in the soybean producing areas, the protein content of soybeans is reduced. If the formulas are not adjusted in time, the growth and development of pigs will have a certain impact.
3, a large number of used soybean meal, each batch should be tested, first, whether there is adulteration test, and sometimes may be mixed with rapeseed, etc.; second is to test the protein content to ensure the availability and effectiveness of soybean meal .
4. The color of the pods is mainly light yellow, and too dark is too ripe. Too light to live, over-produced or over-produced soybean meal will reduce its utilization, affecting the pig's normal growth needs.
4, fish meal
Fishmeal is an animal protein feed, but also belongs to the category of energy concentrates, but because of its high protein content and good quality, the pig industry mainly uses its protein feed characteristics. In addition, the content of calcium and phosphorus in fish meal is also relatively high, which can effectively supplement the deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in feed.
1, when buying fishmeal, first test its purity. Due to the high price and high profits of fishmeal, many fishmeal are adulterated, mainly by mixing hydrolyzed feather meal, leather powder or inorganic nitrogen, and some adulterants rate is as high as 70-80%. It is difficult to check the protein content of such fishmeal by conventional methods. It is best to send it to an experienced testing department or agency for testing.
2. Not all compound feeds need to add fishmeal, and they must be properly added according to actual needs, so as to save cost and increase production effect.
3, when buying fishmeal, it is based on the principle of sub-price one-by-one goods. If not, use quality guaranteed fishmeal.
Second, additives and full-priced feed influencing factors
1, feed additives
Feed additive is a variety of trace components added to compound feed. The main role is to balance the full price of compound feed, improve its feeding effect, promote animal growth and control of animal diseases, reduce the loss of nutrients during feed storage and improve Pig product quality, improve economic efficiency. The types include amino acid additives, trace element additives, vitamin additives, enzyme preparations, anti-mould agents, and the like.
1, feed additives have a certain shelf life, well-preserved can use it in the shelf life, the effect of exceeding the shelf life will be significantly reduced; when the weather is wet or not stored well, it should be used up as soon as possible. Discontinue use as soon as there is a deterioration.
2, good feed additives have a strong stability. For manufacturers or manufacturers whose technology is not closed, the stability of their additives is not credible. After the test is compared, the feed additive with obvious effect and strong stability is selected. In the case of normal growth, it is better not to change it often so as not to affect the normal growth.
4, the amount of general feed additives is relatively small, but mostly 4%, although up to 25%, in the preparation of full-priced feed, mixed with feed ingredients to be uniform, to avoid clumping or together phenomenon. When the mixing is not uniform, the overall growth of the herd is unbalanced, and even the normal growth of the pig is prevented.
2, full price feed
Full-price feed refers to the feed that can be directly fed to pigs after being mixed and processed by feed ingredients, feed additives, minerals, trace elements, etc. Large-scale pig farms generally use on-site processing to match.
1. When the raw materials are crushed, the granules should not be too large or too small. When they are too large, the pigs are difficult to digest and cause diarrhea. If the granules are too small, it can cause pig stomach ulcers or easily cause respiratory diseases. In general, in addition to the special pellets or crushed material, the size of the compound feed is: Piglet
2, to ensure adequate time for premixed feed, the general premix time is about 5 minutes. The time is too short, and various additives and other raw materials are not uniformly mixed and the balance is not adjusted; time is too long, manpower and material resources are wasted, and normal production is affected.
3, starting from the mix of good feed, the feed time is generally not more than 3 days, the condition of the farm is best to feed the same day to ensure the freshness of the feed and palatability. The storage time is too long, especially in rainy weather, the feed is prone to fever and deterioration. In addition, some trace elements, vitamins, etc. are also easily oxidized, thus affecting the feeding effect.
4, compound feed in the pig house is not easy to park too long. The general air circulation in pig houses is poor, ammonia is too concentrated, and mosquitoes and flies are more likely to cause a certain degree of pollution. Therefore, the feed to the pig house is best used on the same day. If it needs to be preserved, the feed factory or warehouse will have a better preservation effect.
5. The preparation of compound feed should be based on the needs of different growth stages of pigs to strictly implement the nutrition standards and configure them in stages.
Feed nutrient factors affecting the growth and development of pigs at different stages and their countermeasures
1. Feed nutrient factors affecting breeding boars and countermeasures
Normal lean-type boars refer to boars of physiologically normal growth with an average age of 8 months and a body weight greater than 120 KG. Under normal circumstances, natural mating, before the age of 1, two times every two weeks or once every 3 to 5 days; after 1 year old, can be used 3 to 4 times a week or the next day or once every two days Two days. Boars for artificial insemination use two times every three weeks before the age of one and collect sperm once a week after the age of one. Because of its frequent use, it is especially important that the boar's diet is reasonable or not.
For the nutritional needs of boars, the United States (1998) NRC standard is that boars feed 2KG feeds per day, including crude protein 13%, lysine 0.6%, Ca0.95%, P0.80%, methionine and cysteine 0.42%, energy level is 13.66MT/KG. However, in order to pursue high-quality semen quality, many farms have higher nutrient levels than NR (high standards, sometimes with protein as high as 17 to 18%).
The feed nutrient factors affecting the boar mainly include the following aspects:
1, protein levels
Since the composition of dry matter in the semen of the boar is mainly protein, when the protein in the feed is insufficient or the quality of the intake protein is insufficient, the XY, semen concentration, semen volume, and semen quality of the breeding boar can be reduced. In addition, according to relevant information, It shows that the lack of tryptophan can cause the atrophy of the boar's testis, which affects its normal physiology.
2, energy level
Boars maintain their own growth needs, semen causes, and mating activities require energy. The energy in general feed should reach 2700∽2900 kcal/kg. If the energy is too low or the feed intake is too low, the boar will easily lose weight and the XY will decrease. This will result in a decline in semen quality and shorten the useful life. If the energy is too high or the feed intake is too high, boars tend to gain weight. Over-fertilized boars generally do not want to exercise. They are prone to toe-foot disease and difficult to mate or collect sperm. As a result, XY declines and semen quality deteriorates. In general, diets that meet the nutritional standards are fed 2.3 ∽ 2.5 KG daily depending on the boar's body condition.
3, the influence of trace elements
Lack of selenium, zinc, iodine, cobalt, manganese, etc. in feed can affect boar reproductive function, and some can cause bovine testicular atrophy, affect semen production and semen quality.
4, the impact of vitamins
Vitamin E in feeds is more important than boars. Although there is no evidence that it can increase the productivity of male boars, it can improve immunity and reduce stress, thereby improving boar physique.
5, the impact of green feed
While continuing to feed compound feed, the addition of 0.5 to 1 KG of fresh green feed every day will keep the boar's good appetite and XY, and improve the quality of the semen to a certain extent.
Affecting the nutritional factors of feed for gilts
Feed nutrient levels and protein levels are particularly important for the growth and development of gilts. For gilts that reach 90 to 100KG, pay attention to feeding or limiting according to their body condition. When the gilt is too fat, the estrus is not normal or obvious. The first baby has poor lactation performance, and the estrus is difficult after weaning. When it is too thin, the estrus is not estrus or the estrus time is delayed. When the first litter is born, the milk is poor and affects the piglets. The growth, weakness after weaning, or poor body condition affect estrus, and can not be used for breeding or even elimination in severe cases, thereby shortening the useful life.
The gilts have high protein and energy requirements in the early stage, with 18% of protein and 3,000 kcal/kg of energy. The late stage requires low protein, 16-17%, and energy of 2800-2900 kcal/kg.
1. For gilts with body weights between 90 and 100 KG, feeds are generally fed on a free-feed basis. After the end of the assay, appropriate restriction should be applied to prevent over- or under-slimming.
2. The calcium and phosphorus content in the feed should be sufficient. A gilt is at the stage of physical development. Feeding a full-priced diet that meets the calcium and phosphorus levels required for optimum bone deposition can extend reproductive life. In general, calcium in feed is 0.95% and phosphorus is 0.80%.
3. Beginning 3 weeks before breeding, in order to ensure the normality of XY and increase of ovulation number, the amount of feed should be appropriately increased to about 3KG.
4, appropriate feeding of green feed, can improve the digestive ability of gilts, and promote the normal function of physiological function.
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