Tenebrio breeding technique data compilation

I. The breeding and application prospect of Tenebrio

Tenebrio, also known as breadworm (named after foreign as an additive for bread), has the highest protein content among all living animals. As a species in nature, Tenebrio belongs to the order of insects, belonging to Coleoptera, Pseudophagidae, and Chlamydomes. With fast growth, high reproductive coefficient and so on. The main foods are wheat bran, crop straw meal and waste vegetables.
At present, there are more than 1.8 million species of insects known in the world and 330,000 species are known in China. Countries around the world have begun to strengthen the exploitation and utilization of insect resources and have achieved many results. On the tables in Mexico, France, Australia, and New Zealand, "insect dishes" are very common. Some insect food developers in the United Kingdom and West Germany have developed and produced more than a dozen "insect beverages". At present, China is also conducting the research and development of Tenebrio.
Tenebrio scale production project, the basic content is: for the rural surplus labor, urban laid-off workers to create employment opportunities, the use and transformation of organic waste based on crop stalks, turning waste into treasure, reduce energy waste, purification of the ecological environment The development of an emerging insect industry, the production of animal high-protein feeds, and the promotion of advanced processing and comprehensive utilization of new Tenebrio species. The project is currently in the direction of industrialized deep processing based on the completion of new breed breeding, laboratory breeding, and industrial scale production.
In order to realize the industrialization of the Tenebrio project as soon as possible, the relevant personnel have a convenient and standardized operation method in the business development process, and the standardization and institutionalization of the project operation are adopted as the criteria, and at the same time with other departments. A harmonized and unified rule improves the operational efficiency of the project and enables franchisees to obtain better, more detailed and thoughtful services. Our company has specially compiled this information.

Second, the use of Tenebrio and a broad market space analysis, the nutritional value of leek insect food

According to studies conducted by relevant experts, insect mites not only contain a large number of chitins, antimicrobial peptide defensins, and exogenous lectins that have a special effect on the human body, but are also rich in nine amino acids and proteins necessary for the human body, free amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Nutrients, such as physical elements and unsaturated fatty acids, are consistent with normal human body proportions and are easily absorbed and utilized. Insects and foods will be full-nutrition food for the 21st century, and there is a huge space for development. Foods, beverages, and condiments developed from the mealworm's body or defatted protein are emerging, such as dishes, bread, biscuits, canned mealworms, canned mealworms, and composite supplements. Relevant experts predict that the large-scale production of insects and quail foods is an emerging industry following vegetables and poultry eggs. It has created a new energy city and is a new project for the vegetable basket project in China. Insect mites are favored by consumers because of their natural, non-polluting, delicious, nutritious and unique tonic effect. Some high-end hotels in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Changsha, and Nanning have already been sold. Insects and insects prices in various regions have continued to climb. At the New Century Hotel in Beijing, fried insects have been sold for 138 yuan and sold at 78 yuan per kilogram of worms in the fish market in Tongchuan Road, Shanghai. They are often not available for sale. , odd goods can live.
According to expert tests, the fat content is 28.20%, and the protein content of fresh insects is as high as 61%. In addition, it contains phosphorus, potassium, iron, sodium, aluminum and other major elements and many trace elements, and 18 kinds of amino acids necessary for animal growth. 100 grams of dried products contain amino acids up to 947.91 micrograms, and its various nutrients ranks first in all types of food. According to the breeding and determination, the nutritional value of 1 kg of Tenebrio equals to the nutritional value of 25 kg of wheat bran, 20 kg of mixed feed and 100 kg of green fodder, and is known as the “treasure house of protein feed”. According to tests conducted by relevant units, it is the best feed for breeding spiders, cockroaches, scorpions, snakes, and poultry and livestock. It has been proved by practice that the use of Tenebrio molitor as a feed can accelerate their growth and development, increase the reproductive rate, and resistance to disease. With Tenebrio feeding young birds, their survival rate is above 95%, and they can also be fed directly to live feeds to raise various aquatic high-grade fish, scorpions, forest frogs, turtles, gecko, birds, etc. The egg rate is increased by half, and animals such as spiders and scorpions are greatly improved in their reproduction rate. As Tenebrio contains high levels of protein, amino acids, fats, carbohydrates, and other nutrients, sweaty software, strong living ability, easy to raise, it was selected as a good feed for zoos and farms. Feeding Chinese Rana sylvatica with Tenebrio, which was sold in two years, has good commercial benefits, and it is the main feed for artificial breeding of Chinese Rana sylvatica. The frog-raising households in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces are extremely concerned about this.
As the saying goes, people use food as their day. As a Chinese who will eat and eat, how can you give up eating any kind of food?
On weekdays, ordinary and ordinary insects, which are common to us, were actually able to be taken to the table in an imposing manner today, becoming delicious food for us to remember. In the constant innovation of food, we found that people's current table is not only a simple solution to food and clothing, but also can enhance the health of the body and beauty.
The mealworms have high nutritional value. The larvae contain 56.58% of crude protein, 28.2% of fat, 57% of crude protein, and 64% of crude protein. (According to "Chinese Medicinal Science and Technology" report). The total amount of protein is 7.8 times that of meat; the free amino acid content is approximately 50-100 times that of mammals, 11 times that of milk, exceeding the reference value of FAA/WHO 40%; fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, The content of K water-soluble vitamin B is extremely rich. Vitamin B1 is 15 times that of milk, vitamin B2 is 1800 times that of milk, and vitamin B6 is 52 times that of milk. In addition, there are constant mineral elements such as calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, etc.; trace mineral elements such as iron, zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt, chromium, selenium, boron, iodine, etc., the content of nutrients are more abundant than milk and meat. many. It is rich in 8 kinds of amino acids, protein, phosphorus, iron, sodium, calcium and other major elements and many trace elements than milk and meat, its nutrient-rich, as well as improve the human immune system, anti-fatigue , delay aging, reduce blood fat, enhance physical fitness, anti-cancer and other effects.
Using SOD as the anti-aging, wrinkle-reducing, and whitening cosmetics, SOD was extracted from Tenebrio molitor, and the effect was prioritized over existing market products. Research and development of insect chitin granules is the latest anti-cancer drug. For example, Japan's recently developed anti-cancer drug, "Saving more good," is extracted from the chitin meal chitin. The food (bread, cakes, etc.) made with mealworm powder is fresh and nutritious; foreign well-known bio-product companies use Tenebrio to make nutraceuticals.
At present, the capital and major cities have stirred up a new trend of eating and drinking, and many people have swarmed into restaurants to eat "bug dishes." They are convinced that such foods can increase beauty while maintaining beauty. Once the insects they fear are usually placed on the plates of the restaurant, they seem to be covered with a mysterious light. But some people may think that connecting these creepy insects with delicious food, health care, and beauty is an incredible thing. So, what's the benefit of eating a “bug meal”? Does it make sense to say that it can be beautiful? According to Professor Wang Guangya, an expert from the Institute of Preventive Medicine of the Chinese Nutrition Society, the protein in the gall is quite abundant. Because the adult insects must have enough protein, they are all rich in protein. The Food Institute of Jiangnan University, one of the most authoritative institutions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and China’s Institute of Nutritional Food, intensively developed an active nutrient protein from insects that cannot be invaded by bacteria in the natural world, and successfully developed it as a raw material. Pure natural non-toxic fourth-generation health products - insect active protein. These are rich in chitin and antibacterial peptides, and have inhibitory effects on fatty liver and other "rich diseases" and "civilized diseases." It can strengthen liver function, remove liver toxins and excess fat, activate liver cells and liver tissue. Because of the disorder of protein metabolism provided by the liver, it causes a decrease in plasma protein. Insect proteins can supplement the active proteins needed by the liver, regulate protein to supplement the active proteins needed by the liver, and regulate protein metabolism. In addition, the insect active protein can also eliminate excess harmful cholesterol, lower blood sugar, blood pressure, improve microcirculation, purify the blood, make a variety of complications recovery and prevention occurs. Insect active protein is the fourth-generation health care product, and it is a high-tech natural nutrition product that has become popular in the world. A professor at the Institute of Entomology at Sun Yat-sen University also pointed out that insect nutrition is indeed very rich. Insects are rich in protein, unsaturated fatty acids, chitin (chitin), vitamins, trace elements, biological active substances and other nutrients, especially valuable. There are many nutrients that are unique to insects. The protein content of insects not only exceeds that of poultry meat many times, but its fat content is much lower than that of livestock, and does not cause an increase in cholesterol levels after consumption. In addition, insects have good health effects and some can even cure diseases. Many of the female diners are eating these proteins because they are rich in protein, and they regard it as a good product for both health care and beauty. If you like good food and love hunting, then a worm meal can satisfy your curiosity.
After laboratory analysis, the mealworm excrement contains 3.37% nitrogen and 1.04% phosphorus, and contains seven trace elements including zinc, boron, manganese, iron, magnesium, calcium and copper. Yellow mealworm excrement is not only a good organic fertilizer, but also can be used as a roughage feed for livestock and poultry such as pigs, cattle, chickens, ducks, and fish. The application of highly efficient bio-organic fertilizers using insects as the main raw material can not only enhance soil fertility, increase the yield of crops, improve the quality of agricultural products, but also reduce agricultural production costs, improve soil structure, improve agricultural ecological environment, and promote the sustainable development of crop farming. At present, the supply of truly efficient bio-organic fertilizer products on the market is small, and there are problems with instability, which cannot meet the demand for efficient agricultural production. Therefore, the project is a highly efficient bio-organic fertilizer produced with insect feces as the main raw material and has a good market prospect.
The results of nutrient analysis of feces of mature larvae of old mealworms
NNPPK Zn B Mn Fe Mg(%) Ca(%) Cu
3.37 1.04 1.41 322 140.6 109 460 0.31 1.17 27.2

Through determination, the crude protein content of mature larvae of T. molitor was 24%, total nitrogen content was 3.37%, total P:O content was 1.04%, total nitrogen content was 1.41%, and fat content was 7.65%. The content is comparable to cottonseed cake.
The contents of zinc, boron, manganese, iron, magnesium, calcium, and copper in the excreta were 322 ppm, 14.6 ppm, and 109 ppm, respectively.
460 ppm, 0.31% (percentage), L17% T 27.2 ppm.

III. Necessity and feasibility of large-scale breeding of yellow mealworms This is one of the special projects funded by the “Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fishery Harvest Plan” of the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, which is in line with the industrial policy vigorously supported by the country. Tenebrio scale production and industrialization project is a new high-tech and straw comprehensive utilization of environmental protection products, is the country to develop high-tech industry development plans and industrial policies, has been listed as the key support development, technological transformation, infrastructure and production industries, products. It has also become a research project of Shandong Agricultural University.
To open up new ways to utilize and transform agricultural organic waste resources, mainly crop straws. China is a big country in agriculture. It produces 6.6 million tons of crop straws and vines every year. It consumes less than 20% of the livestock and consumes less than 10% of the firewood. The rest are burned locally or accumulated for a long time. It not only causes waste of resources, but also obstructs traffic, blocks rivers, and pollutes the environment. Utilizing and transforming these organic wastes and bringing them a certain economic benefit is one of the priorities of the governments at all levels and is also an ardent hope of the majority of farmers. Tenebrio can fully transform straw and other industrial and agricultural organic waste (rot) into human useable substances, solve the problem of large amounts of waste such as straw waste and environmental pollution, and establish a new kind of detritus that is different from the traditional ecological food chain. The ecosystem has opened up a whole new way for humans to acquire proteins.
Large-scale promotion can form new industries and increase employment opportunities. The tenebrio mealworms have strong adaptability, the breeding techniques are easy to master, industrial breeding and scattered breeding are all possible, and are suitable for scattered feeding and centralized processing. It is particularly suitable for the mode of operation of the company + base + farmer, and the regional scale development is easy to succeed, and it can completely become a leading project in the agricultural industrialization of a county and a city. Taking households as an example, it is possible to increase the number of jobs for each 5 tons of commercial insects. Forming an industry can effectively relieve employment pressure in rural and urban areas. This project not only has significant economic benefits, but also has significant social benefits.
Tenebrio feed does not consume food and can convert feeds that cannot be converted by large livestock and poultry into high quality protein feeds. People use a small animal such as Tenebrio as a springboard to feed various livestock and poultry and various economic animals. Through the intermediate link of Tenebrio, it solves the long-term problem of human and livestock grain that cannot be solved. The traditional single-loop single-cycle agricultural production model was transformed into a number of multi-cyclic agricultural production models. The agricultural production itself forms an industrial chain, opening up a new path for agricultural industrialization.

Fourth, the economic benefits of farming Tenebrio

According to our breeding practice, we will raise 100 pounds of species introduced from our site. According to our purchase price of live insects of 10/kg and dried insects of 30 yuan/kg, the economic benefits are as follows: 100 pounds of worms according to season Different breeds can be adultated for at least 25 pounds per adult, 20 pounds per adult, 20 pounds per catty, 40 eggs once every 4 days, 25 eggs once at a time, and 60 to 90 consecutive days (60 days) 60 Days can receive eggs 15 times, and can raise 8-10 pounds of edible insects. 1. Analysis of the benefits of the production of commercial insects: In this cycle (3 months), commercial insects can be produced: 25 boxes 22 times 8 pounds/box = 4400 pounds, according to the lowest protection price of my office 10 yuan/kg, can earn 22,000 yuan . 1 pound of commercial insects can produce 0.6 pounds of insect excrement, our price here is 0.25 yuan / kg, sales of insect excrement income: 0.64400 kg 0.25 yuan = 660 yuan. The cost of removing 2.5 yuan per kilogram of wheat bran, vegetables, artificial electricity, etc. is 11,000 yuan. The net income will be 11,660 yuan. The first year in accordance with the three cycles, remove the initial equipment investment average 3000 yuan and the introduction of 5600 yuan, can get a net income of 26,380 yuan. In the coming four years, the net income will be 46,640 yuan. For example, it is more efficient to use pigflies and insects to feed pigs or raise chickens. For example, if the number of seedlings is increased at the first time, the profit can be increased exponentially. In addition, for each ton of live worms produced, 1.5 kg of chitin extract can be produced. The market price is 2-3 yuan per gram. For those who introduced in our company, they can learn the practical tenebrio breeding technology of our company for free. According to the breeding practice of our company, we will raise 100 pounds of species introduced from our site, and we will purchase 10 pounds of live insects according to our purchase price. , Dried insects 30 yuan / kg, for example, analysis of economic benefits are as follows: 100 kg species of insects can be fed in 20-40 days depending on the season can be adultated into at least 25 pounds, adult pound per box, every 4 days to pick up eggs once, once 25 boxes can be spawned, continuous spawning 60-90 days (according to 60 days) 60 days can receive eggs 15 times, feeding can produce 8-10 catty insects. 1. Analysis of the benefits of the production of commercial insects: In this cycle (3 months), commercial insects can be produced: 25 boxes 22 times 8 pounds/box = 4400 pounds, according to the lowest protection price of my office 10 yuan/kg, can earn 22,000 yuan . 1 pound of commercial insects can produce 0.6 pounds of insect excrement, our price here is 0.25 yuan / kg, sales of insect excrement income: 0.64400 kg 0.25 yuan = 660 yuan. The cost of removing 2.5 yuan per kilogram of wheat bran, vegetables, artificial electricity, etc. is 11,000 yuan. The net income will be 11,660 yuan. The first year in accordance with the three cycles, remove the initial equipment investment average 3000 yuan and the introduction of 5600 yuan, can get a net income of 26,380 yuan. In the coming four years, the net income will be 46,640 yuan. For example, it is more efficient to use pigflies and insects to feed pigs or raise chickens. For example, if the number of seedlings is increased at the first time, the profit can be increased exponentially. In addition, for each ton of live worms produced, 1.5 kg of chitin extract can be produced. The market price is 2-3 yuan per gram. Those who introduced in our company can learn the practical tenebrio breeding technology of our company for free

Fifth, Tenebrio recognition and feeding cycle

Tenebrio molitor is a completely metamorphic insect, namely, four metamorphosis of adult worm, egg, larvae and cockroach. The adult body is long and flat, 1.4-1.8 cm long, dark brown with metallic luster, the head is of the front mouth type, and the base of the lip does not exceed the tactile base. During adult emergence, the head, chest, and feet are light brown, and the abdomen and elytra wings are milky white. The insect body is tender and unwilling to move. The color becomes dark after 2-3 days. The eel wing becomes hard, flexible but does not fly, crawling fast. . After careful feeding, adult populations copulate and lay eggs. Each adult lays 2-4 eggs. Each female lays approximately 300-600 eggs, which are spawned on the sieve at the bottom of the feed. The adult period is about 60 days. Egg white oval, about 1 mm in size. The egg period is about 8-10 days. The larvae are brown-yellow, 2-3 cm in body length and more obvious in body segments. There are 3 pairs of chest feet and a pair of tail processes in the 9th belly. The larvae were yellowish-white when hatched and gradually turned brown-brown. On average, they were once skinned every 9 days. Each pod was one-year-old and had a total of 7 peels. After the last pupa, the larvae surfaced and turned into larvae. The larval period is about 60 days, and it is white, later it turns white and yellow, and its body segment is obvious. The pupa period is 12-15 days.

Larvae: The shape resembles that of a golden beetle and a pseudo armor. The body is slender and the base of the lip is obvious, that is, there is a clear suture between the upper lip and the forehead. The newly hatched larvae are milky white, about 2 mm in length, and are later molted, one for each pod. It turns brown and yellow. The mature larvae are 20-30 mm long, and the body segments are obvious. There are 3 pairs of thoracic feet and a pair of tail ridges in the 9th tummy segment. The large body is 3 to 3.5 mm wide and weighs 0.13 to 0.24 grams. When the last time the molting occurs, the surface of the feed is turned. The larval period is about 50-70 days.
蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹After that, the body color turned gray and the body surface became harder, which is a typical nakedness. It is 15 to 20 mm long, 3 mm wide, and weighs about 0.15 to 0.25 g/only. There are pale stripes in the back and black. The side of the abdomen has a milky process (male dervisitis is not obvious, the base is healed, the end is extended to the rear; the female blemishes are obvious, the ends are flattened, slightly keratinized, with bifurcation, significantly curved outside). The chest is large, with wings and appendage on the sides, and a large head section with a pair of black eyes.
Adults: The first pair of adults that have just emerged are soft and white, then yellow, yellow-brown, gradually turning black with metallic luster. The head is of the front mouth type, the base of the lip is not more than the tactile base, and the adult is in the process of emergence. In the head, chest, and feet are light brown, and the abdomen and elytra wings are milky white. The body of the insect is tender and unwilling to move. The eel wing is hardened black and flexible. The second pair of wings are winged, but they cannot fly due to degeneration and crawl quickly. . After careful feeding, adult populations copulate, lay eggs, adults lay 2 to 4 eggs each time, and each female lays approximately 300-600 eggs, which are spawned under the sieve at the bottom of the feed. The adult period is about 30 to 90 days. The adult insects resemble fireflies and are 10 to 18 mm in length and 4 to 6 mm in width. The body weighs 0.1 to 0.2 grams/body, and has three separate bodies: the head, the chest, and the abdomen. The head has 1 section and has a pair of antennae. The ends are swelled in 2 to 3 sections and are rod-shaped. Tsui is born under the side of the head. The head is small, partially embedded in the chest, with a pair of black cheeks, chewing mouthparts. There were no significant demarcation lines between the thoracodorsal plate and the lateral plate in 3 sections of the chest. Healed more, and the chest and abdomen joints were prominent. A total of eight sections of the abdomen can be seen in the abdominal section of 5, the tail is 1 section. Males have hidden connectors in which females have ovipositors hidden in them.
Eggs: very small, milky white, oblong, long diameter 0.7 ~ 1.2 mm, short diameter of about 0.3 ~ 0.8 mm. The egg surface is the egg shell and the inner layer is the yolk membrane. It is filled with milky white egg material. The egg period is 8 to 10 days. Adults spawned at 25°C to 32°C with the most eggs and were of high quality. Spawns of less than 15°C were rarely spawned, and spawning was less than 10°C.

Sixth, breeding insects, feed, equipment and other issues

First, the breeding conditions (a) species of insects Tenebrio culture is the most important species of insects, adult larvae, cockroaches, adults can do species of insects. Feeding to different insect stages, according to the requirements of Tenebrio breeding techniques, careful selection of cockroaches, adults, removal of pests and diseases, screening eggs, so that the synchronization of each insect period to achieve purification and rejuvenation. After the adult larvae are bought, they are fed into wooden bowls containing wheat bran and fresh fresh vegetables are added. Observe the situation of phlegm carefully. When there is phlegm in the plate, the sieve tray is placed in a wooden tray containing feed until the pupa emerges into adults. In this case, we also bought oysters, put them together with the pods that had been used for two days. Each 0.5 kilos of oysters were placed in a sieve tray containing wheat bran and placed in wooden trays filled with feed. Its feathering, pay attention to clear death. Again, if adults are purchased, they are placed in sieve trays filled with feed and the adult is screened out of the change disk every 7 days. The screened feed is mixed with eggs, placed in a wooden tray, and continues to hatch. After careful selection and feeding of the various stages of insects, insect breeding can be done. However, it is better to use larvae as insects and transport is also convenient.
(b) The main feed for the dietary mealworm is wheat bran, and some supplementary feeds can also be used for bran, various kinds of cakes and borage, and straw-type feed. (The vegetables are mainly cabbages, radishes, Ganlan, and other leafy vegetables. These feeds can meet the needs of insects for protein, vitamins, trace elements, and water. In order to purify the rejuvenating population and speed up propagation, they can be added to the feed. A small amount of glucose powder, fish meal, etc. Every 0.5 kg of Tenebrio can eat 1.5 kg of wheat bran and 1 kg of vegetables in a generation cycle.
(iii) Equipment
1. Cultivation of Tenebrio must have a breeding house, to be light, ventilation, winter heating and insulation. The size of the breeding house can be determined by the number of cultured mealworms. Under normal circumstances every 20 square meters, 1 room can raise 300-500 plates.
2. The wooden tray for feeding Tenebrio is a drawer-shaped wooden tray, which is generally rectangular in shape and is 80 cm in length, 40 cm in width, and 8 cm in height. The board thickness is 1.5 cm and the bottom is nailed with a fiberboard. The sieve tray is also rectangular and needs to be placed in a wooden tray with a length, width and height of 75 cm, 35 cm, and 6 cm, respectively, and a plate thickness of 1.5 cm. The bottom is screened with a 10 mesh iron screen and nailed with triple-plywood bars. The wood used to make the feeder plate is preferably soft and has no odor. In order to prevent the insects from crawling outside, plastic tapes should be placed on the four frames of the feeding plate.
3. Place the feeding tray wooden rack According to the amount of breeding and the number of feeding trays, make wooden racks and connect the wooden racks with square timber to fix them so as to prevent skewing or dumping. Then the feeder trays can be discharged in order.
4. Egg trays, separation sieves with different thickness of iron mesh, 10 mesh is used as an egg sieve, 12, 14 and 16 are used to separate insects of different ages, 40, 50, and 60 are used to screen insect feces. , 100 heads are used to pour worms. 40 mesh in the sieve worm manure. A 60-mesh small-screen sieve screens 1-2 instar larvae.
5. The temperature inside the breeding house should be kept between 15-25 degrees Celsius in winter and summer. Below 5 degrees Celsius, insects do not eat or grow. Over 35 degrees Celsius will burn and die. Humidity should be kept between 50-70%. The ground should not be too wet. In winter, it should be warm. If it is not winter, it can be wintered naturally. Ventilation during the summer. Indoor thermometers and hygrometers should be provided.

Second, aquaculture technology
(i) Adult stage; the process of adult emergence of pupae is approximately 3-7 days. The head, chest, foot, and fin are feathered first, and the abdomen and tail are feathered. Because it is synchronized to provoke emergence, feathering can be completed within a few days. The newly emerged adult is very immature and not very active. It becomes darker after about 5 days, and the cobweb becomes hard. Male and female adult colony copulation is usually in the dark, long mating time, spawning female tail inserted in the sieve hole output, this period is best not to stir. When it is found that there is a layer of eggs attached to the bottom of the sieve tray, it is possible to change the tray. At this time, the adult eggs are screened and placed in another tray containing the feed, and the dead insects are set aside. 4 days for egg tray. The adult survival period is 60-90 days. Adults in the spawning period require a lot of nutrition and moisture. Therefore, wheat bran and vegetables must be added in a timely manner, and fish meal can also be added. If there is insufficient nutrition, adults will bite each other and cause losses.
(B) the egg period; adults spawned in the wooden tray filled with feed, will replace the egg plate shelf, you can naturally hatch larvae, pay attention to observation, should not turn, to prevent damage to eggs or injury is hatching In the larvae. When larval skin appears on the surface of feed, 1st instar larvae have already been born.
(C) larval stage; egg hatched into larvae, before the time of larvae is called larval stage, adult spawning plate, after 7-9 days of incubation, when the tanned body is longer than 0.5 cm, add wheat bran and Fresh vegetables. Put 1 kg of larvae in each wooden plate, the density should not be too large, to prevent the lack of feed, the insect body activities squeeze and kill each other, with the larvae gradually grow up, we must promptly sub-disc. Wheat bran is the main feed for larvae and also a place to live in, so the feed must maintain its natural temperature. Under normal conditions, when the temperature is higher, the larvae mostly move on the surface of the feed, and when the temperature is lower, they drill into the lower layer. The thickness of the feed in the wooden tray is less than 5 cm. When the feed is gradually reduced, the insects are sieved again to add new feed. For 1-2 instar larvae, use a 60 mesh screen to prevent larvae from leaking out of the sieve. It is necessary to prepare a wooden tray for the new feed, and put the sieved net larvae on the wooden tray while sifting. Tenebrio larvae need to break through the skin (peeling) and grow up after repeated moltings. During the larval period, 7-12 times of skin should be licked. Once each time, the larvae grow up and the larvae grow to be 1 year old. An average of 8 days or so. When the larvae are molted, the epidermis begins to split from the thoracodorsal suture and the head, chest, and foot are then deflated gradually. The larvae are generally on the surface of the feed, and then they feed into the feed. The larvae of the freshly moulted skin are milky white and their skin is delicate.
(d) Flea period: larvae surface layer in the feed. Before the pupae larvae crawled to the surface of the feed, the pups slowly retracted after lying in bed, and they completed pupation during the last pupal process. Physiotherapy can end in a matter of seconds. The newly formed cockroaches are white-yellow, the corpus callosum is slightly longer, the abdominal part is peristrated, and the corpus callosum gradually shortens and becomes dark yellow. There are differences between larval individuals, which are manifested in the timing of phlegm-removal and individual strength. The larvae are mixed with larvae and mixed in a wooden plate. The crickets are easily bitten by the larvae on the chest and abdomen and eaten the viscera to become empty shells. Some worms are infected by viruses during the larvae decomposing process, and become dead fleas after larvae are removed. Need to check frequently and found that this situation can use 0.310-6 bleach solution spray space to disinfect and sterilize. At the same time, the dead cockroach will be singled out in time. When provocative, the cockroaches that had been placed within 2 days were placed on the same sieve tray containing the feed, and they continued to reproduce synchronously, concentrating them into adults.

Third, the management of the measures in the breeding process of Tenebrio, master aquaculture technology and management measures are very important, it is related to Tenebrio breeding speed, body quality, economic efficiency and other issues.
(1) It is forbidden for non-raising personnel to enter the breeding house. Persons who must enter the room are best to be sterilized outside the door.
(B) In the life history of Tenebrio, four metamorphosis is an important part, and grasping the time, shape, and characteristics of metamorphosis in each link will enable us to grasp the techniques of breeding.
(3) The feed must be fresh, the bran not degenerate, and the vegetables not rot.
(D) During the larval period, each time the skin is replaced, the feed is replaced and the manure is screened in time to add new feed. In the adult stage, there are eggs and insect feces at the bottom of the feed. It is easy to mold, and it is necessary to change the tray in time.
(e) In order to speed up reproduction and growth, larvae and adults after emergence should be properly supplemented with glucose powder, vitamin powder and fishmeal. Feed fresh vegetables every day.
(6) Feeders must inspect the insects on a daily basis, and if they are found, pests and dead insects should be cleared in time to prevent infection.
(vii) Tenebrio breeding should be carried out as planned. The amount of insects raised and the number of larvae of all ages must have complete records in order to ensure the success of Tenebrio breeding.

Tenebrio Feeding Information II

I. Feeding equipment

1. Feeding room. It is best to choose a house facing south. Doors and windows must be equipped with screens to prevent adult worms from escaping and natural enemies such as spiders, ants, cockroaches, geckos, and rats.
2. Feeding equipment. Including terrariums (pots), rearing frames, hygrometers, etc. The terrarium is preferably made of a metal cage with a specification of 80,408 cm. It can also be raised with porcelain basins, tile tanks and cardboard boxes. Feeding appliances require a smooth inner wall to prevent larvae and adults from climbing out.

Second, feeding and management

1. Suitable growth and development temperature of T. molitor is 20-32°C and relative humidity is 50-70%. Indoor heating in winter and cooling with ground water in summer can ensure normal growth and development. Tenebrio feeding can use bran, rice bran, fish meal and other concentrates, leaves, melon and other green feed.
2. Adults and eggs. After the larvae have become adult in the box, the waste materials and skins in the box are promptly removed. When adding green feed feed adults can add some fresh concentrate. Adults lay eggs 3-6 days after emergence. At this time, newspapers were spread on the bottom of the box, and a small amount of green material was placed on the paper to allow adults to lay eggs on the paper. Spawn eggs every 2 to 4 days after spawning (one spawning day for 1 time) and replace with a new newspaper. Every time after taking the eggs, add green and fine materials to the adults.
3. Larvae. Immediately after the newly hatched larvae were moved to the rearing boxes, a thin layer of clean bran was scattered. As the larvae grow, the fine material and green material are gradually increased. When the larvae are molted, feed is reduced or not fed. The amount of feed each day is the degree of consumption of the contents in the box at night, and the feed will be filled sooner or later, supplemented at noon. The pre-concentrate was mainly based on fine materials, and green materials were used as the supplement; the latter was mainly based on green materials, and the fine material was supplemented. Some older larvae have poor appetite after the phlegm phase. At this time, some fishmeal can be fed to promote pupa. The insect excrement was cleaned every 15 days, once every 7 days in the middle and later stages, and the excrement was sieved out with a sieve. Do not feed feed for half a day before cleaning up the stool. When the larvae are of different sizes due to different growth rates, they should be bred and sized in boxes. A box of young larvae can be 2 pounds - 3 pounds, 3 pounds - 4 pounds for older larvae.
4. Hey. The larvae start to metastasis after 8-12 times of molting. Prior to phlegm, pay attention to feeding more green material, in order to facilitate the phlegm and the subsequent emergence of quail. Every day, pick up the neonized quail to another box and sprinkle with a layer of fine material so as not to cover the body.

Third, Tenebrio living habits

1. The larvae of Tenebrio prefer clusters, and they are active at room temperature at 10°C. They can still grow above 5°C. Long-term temperatures above 36°C can cause large numbers of deaths, and larvae and adults have large and small bites of slaughter. When they lack food, they also interact with each other. In slaughter, larvae sometimes bite their flies. Therefore, the insects, eggs, cockroaches, and adults of the same age should be screened and placed in their own containers.
2. In the process of larvae growth, the body surface color is white first, and the first time the skin becomes yellow-brown after the first skin, and then every 4-6 days, 1 times of molting, and 8-12 times of larval stage. When the larvae reach the age of about 2 to 3 centimeters in the body of about 50 days, the larvae are replenished in the feed. When the larvae are pupa, the head is inverted in the feed, and the friction head is moved right and left for phlegm. At room temperature of 20° C. or more, the lice change for one week. For adults.
3. Adult worms appear white and soft after being feathered. They become hard and dark brown after 1 to 2 days. Likes to be active at night, crawls quickly and does not like to fly. Feathering occurs after 3-5 hatching.

Fourth, Tenebrio breeding technology

1. Feeding Tenebrio best place to choose the leeward sunny, cool winter and summer house, the light should not be too strong, keep warm, the most suitable temperature is 20 ~ 28 °C, relative humidity 50% -70%. When the summer temperatures are high, sprinkle water on the ground to cool down; in winter, keep warm to ensure the normal growth and development of Tenebrio.
2. Feeding of adults: Adults lay eggs 3 to 6 days after emergence, lay a piece of white paper under a mesh screen before laying eggs, allow eggs to fall from the holes to paper, change paper every 2 to 4 days, The spawning period should be changed once a day. The date for spawning should be stated on the white paper, and the eggs should be placed in an empty box separately to facilitate hatching in the same period for easy management. After one week, the larvae were hatched, and then the small yellow mealworms were poured into a feeding container containing wheat bran. Can also be placed on a white sheet of adult insects, sprinkle some bran on paper, any adult eggs, every two or three days for a paper, the survival rate of 90%.
3. Add green material and fine material to the adult after each oocyte retrieval, and clean the waste or molting in time. The adult insects are refueled about once every 4 days, and the replaced material may contain eggs. Do not immediately dump them and concentrate them.
4. Adults like to have evening activities and feed more at night. The green material can be directly placed in feeding containers to allow Tenebrio to eat freely.
In summer, the temperature is high, larvae grow faster, and there is more pupa. It is necessary to feed more green material and provide enough water to feed some vegetables and fruits. Feed more when the temperature is high and feed less when the temperature is low. In the early stage of larvae, the concentrate feeds less, and when the skin is pupa it is fed or not fed. After the molting, the feeding amount increases as the body grows. The concentrate can also be mixed into small groups with water, cut into small pieces and placed on a sieve to allow them to freely ingest food. The amount of food consumed per day is limited to the amount of feed consumed in the box in the evening. Use morning and evening bids and supplement at noon. In the feeding period of larvae, attention should be paid to the combination of fine and green materials. In the early stage, concentrates should be used as the main material, and green materials should be used as the supplement. In the later period, the material should be mainly green, and the fine material should be supplemented.
5. Less mature larvae should be fed with vegetables, which is beneficial to the growth and development of pupa and adults. Some old larvae have poor appetite performance after the phlegm phase and can add fishmeal to promote pupa.
6. The larvae have different sizes because of different growth rates. They are sorted by size and boxing, and one box can raise 1 to 1.5 kg of larvae and 1.5 to 2 kg of old larvae.
7. When the larvae phlegm more cast green material, is conducive to phlegm and eclosion after the pupa. Every day, we must pick up the cockroach to another box in time, and then sprinkle a layer of fine material. It is advisable not to cover the cockroach, avoiding the larvae biting the cockroach and keeping the temperature and gas exchange.

Five, Tenebrio cycle points

1. Tenebrio can grow and reproduce all year round. The fertility cycle of eggs, larvae and cockroaches until adult emergence is about 90 days. The length and length of each insect stage of Tenebrio molitoris are prolonged or shortened due to the cold and heat of the temperature. Three to five days after the emergence of adult eclosion, copulation began, and the peak period of egg lay was within one or two months after copulation. The adult body is 1.4-1.9 cm long and dark brown; the old mature larvae are 2.5-3.5 cm long and yellow-brown. Egg white, oval, sesame grain size. Each female lays 300 to 600 eggs. Female adults live 30-100 days and adult males live 30-80 days. The mating time is from 8 pm to 2 am, laying eggs on the feed, the eggs are milky white, oval-shaped, about 1 mm long, room temperature 20 ~ 30 °C, eggs can be hatched 5 to 10 days larvae, adults in the lack When eating, they will swallow their own eggs. The larvae are milky white when they are newly hatched. The larvae turn yellowish-brown after the first skin, and then once every 4-6 days. Larvae slaughter each other when they are short of food. The larval period is 60-80 days. The pupa period is 5-8 days at 20-30°C.

Sixth, how to prevent pests and diseases

(1)螨类：螨类对黄粉虫危害很大，它造成虫体瘦弱，生长迟缓，卵孵化率低，繁殖力减弱。一般多发生于7～9月份，气温过高，饲料温度大，料中有螨时。防治方法：严防饲料带螨，有条件的可将糠、麸隔水蒸20分钟消毒。平时要保持室内空气流通，降低湿度。特别是夏季雨天湿度过大时，尽量不投或少投过湿的青料。发现螨时，及时把饲料拿到太阳下晒10分钟。
(2)干枯病：患病后黄粉虫头部、尾部干枯，最后全身枯干而死。防治方法：在干燥高温季节，及时投放青料或洒水于地面降温。
(3)软腐病：病虫行动迟缓，粪便稀，病虫体变黑软烂，最后死亡。本病多发于梅雨季节，室内空气潮湿，饲料过湿，放养密度过大或虫体受伤。防治方法：发现软虫体要及时拿出，清除残食，停止投放青料，调节室内湿度。用0.25克氯霉素或金霉素拌麦麸250克投喂。
蚂蚁、老鼠都是黄粉虫的大敌，平时要注意消灭。

七、黄粉虫的饲养

1.生活条件
(1)温度生长发育适宜的温度为20℃---28℃，而生长发育最快是在35℃，当温度高于35℃时，生长发育速度下降，38℃时黄粉虫则会受热致死，但是，黄粉虫较耐寒，老龄幼虫可耐受-20℃，而低龄幼虫在10℃时即大量冻死，10℃时则开始生长发育。
(2)上述温度是指群体内部的温度，一般来说群体内部的温度往往高于室内温度8℃一10℃。如果室内温度达26℃时，就要采取降温措施，同时减少群体的密度，以免温度过高而热死。
(3)湿度黄粉虫不怕干燥，能在含水量低于10％的饲料中生存，但湿度太低时体内水分过分蒸发，因而生长发育慢，体重减轻，饲料利用率低，所以最适宜的饲料含水量为15％，室内空气湿度为70％，但当饲料含水量达18％和室内空气湿度为85％时，黄粉虫不但生长发育减慢，而且容易生病，尤其是成虫更怕潮湿易生病死亡。
(4)食物黄粉虫属杂食性昆虫。吃食各种粮食、油料和粮食加工的副产品，如糠鼓、渣饼等，同时也吃食各种蔬菜叶。幼虫的食性更为广泛，除吃上述食物外，还可吃干鲜桑叶、豆科、植物的叶以及各种昆虫尸体，当食物缺乏时，甚至会咬食木材做的饲养箱和垫底的纸片等。
人工饲养时，不能只喂一种饲料，应该投喂多种饲料制成的混合饲料，这样才能满足黄粉虫生长发育繁殖所需要的各种营养物质，保证其正常生长发育和繁殖，不然，黄粉虫得不到足够的营养物质，仅能维持生命，生长发育受阻，虫体变小，繁殖力下降。
(5)混合饲料的配合百分比为：
麦麸70％，玉米粉25％，大豆4.5％，饲用复合维生素0.5％。本配方适用于幼虫。
麦麸40％，玉米粉40％，豆饼18％，饲用复合维生素0.5％，混合盐1.5％。本配方主要用于饲喂成虫和幼虫。
麦麸75％，鱼粉4％，玉米粉15％，食糖4％，饲用复合维生素0．8％，混合盐1.2％。主要用于喂养产卵期的成虫。
纯麦粉（质量较差的麦子或麦芽等磨成的粉，含麸）95％，食糖2％，蜂王浆0.2％，饲用复合维生素0.4％，混合盐2.4％。 This formula is mainly used for feeding adult breeding and breeding.
单用麦麸喂养，在冬季加适量玉米粉。黄粉虫食性较杂，除了饲喂上述饲料外，尚需补充蔬菜叶或瓜果皮，以及补充水分和维生素C。
饲料加工：将各种饲料原料及添加剂混合拌匀，加入10％的清水(复合维生素、混合盐可加入水中搅匀)，拌匀后晒干备用即可。
If conditions permit, the feed can be processed into puffed granules. Small larvae have a feed particle size of 0.5 mm or less. Large larvae and adults feed particle size of 1 ~ 5mm. In addition, the hardness of the feed should also be suitable for feeding requirements of different ages, especially the feed of small larvae should be more soft.

上述各种饲料的比例，各地可按虫体生长状况和饲料来源以及经济状况，而灵活掌握自行调整，不可生搬硬套、固守一方。
(6)怕光喜暗成虫喜欢潜伏在阴暗角落或树叶、杂草或其它杂物下面躲避阳光；幼虫则多潜伏在粮食、面粉、糠的表层下l厘米至3厘米处生活。所以人工饲养黄粉虫应选择光线较暗的地方，或者饲养箱应有遮蔽，防止阳光直接照射影响黄粉虫的生活。
(7)喜群居黄粉虫幼虫和成虫均喜欢聚集在一起生活，但饲养的密度要适中，不宜过大。当饲养密度过大时，一来提高了群体内温度造成高温热死幼虫，二来活动的地方减少，食物易造成不足；导致成虫和幼虫食卵或蛹。但饲养密度也不宜过小，这样会造成地方的浪费，降低生产率。所以人工饲养时应注意分箱，控制饲养密度。
2.饲养方法黄粉虫的饲养方法均采用箱养法。
（１）成虫的饲养成虫饲养的任务是使成虫产下大量的虫卵。当羽化后的成虫，在虫体体色变成黑褐色之前，就要转到成虫产卵箱饲养。成虫产卵箱的规格的长、宽、高分别为76厘米、35厘米、6厘米的木箱，底部钉上网孔为10目的铁丝网，网孔不能过大，否则成虫容易掉下逃走，但也不能太小，不然箱内的杂物筛不下来。箱内四边镶以塑料胶带、白铁皮或玻璃，防止虫子逃跑。
投放雌雄成虫的比例为1：1。在投放成虫前，先在箱底下垫一块木板，木板上铺一张纸，让卵产在纸上。箱内铺上一层l厘米厚的饲料，这样才能使成虫把卵产在纸上而不至于产在饲料中。在饲料上铺上一层于鲜桑叶或其他豆科植物的叶片，使成虫分散隐蔽在叶子下面，并保持较稳定的温度。然后再按照温度和湿度盖上白菜，如果温度高、湿度低时多盖一些，蔬菜主要是提供水分和增加维生素，随吃随加，不可过量，以免湿度过大菜叶腐烂，致使成虫容易生病，降低产卵量。
成虫在生长期间不断进食不断产卵，所以每天要投料1次到2次，将饲料撒到叶面上供其自由取食。成虫产卵时多数钻到纸上或纸和网之间的底部，伸出产卵器穿过铁丝网孔，将卵产在纸上或纸与网之间的饲料中；这样可以防止成虫把卵吃掉的食卵现象。
成虫连续产卵3个月后，雌虫会逐渐因衰老而死亡，未死亡的雌虫产卵量也显著下降，因而饲养3个月后就要把成虫全部淘汰，以免浪费饲料和占用产卵箱，提高生产效益。
（２）幼虫的饲养幼虫的饲养是指从孵化出幼虫至幼虫化为蛹这段时间，均在孵化箱中饲养。孵化箱与产卵箱的规格相同，但箱底放置木板，这样一个孵化箱可孵化3个卵箱筛的卵纸，但应分层堆放，层问用几根木条隔开，以保持良好的通风。
孵化前先进行筛卵，筛卵时首先将箱中的饲料及其它碎屑筛下，然后将卵纸一起放进孵化箱中进行孵化。卵上盖一层菜叶，以保持适合的湿度。这样卵在孵化箱中5-10天内即可孵出幼虫。
幼虫留在箱中饲养，3龄前不需要添加混合饲料，原来的饲料已够食用，但要经常放菜叶，让幼虫在菜叶底下栖息取食。当箱中饲料吃完后，进行过筛，筛出虫粪，幼虫仍放回箱内饲养，并添加3倍于虫体重的混合饲料，可以麦麸、菜叶为主。饲养实践表明，一般投喂3公斤麦麸、2-3公斤蔬菜可收面包虫l公斤。
4.虫体长至4-6龄时，可采收来喂养蝎子等动物。用来留种的幼虫则继续饲养，到6龄时因幼虫群体体积增大，应进行分群饲养，幼虫继续蜕皮长大。老龄幼虫在化蛹前四处扩散，寻找适宜场所化蛹，这时应将它放在包有铁皮的箱中或脸盆中，防止逃走。化蛹初期和中期，每天要捡蛹1次一2次，把蛹取出，放在羽化箱中，避免被其它幼虫咬伤。化蛹后期，全部幼虫都处于化蛹的半休眠状态，这时就不要再检蛹了，待全部化蛹后，筛出放进羽化箱中，蛹在饲料表面，经过5-7天后就羽化为成虫。
5.此外，完全当作饲料的幼虫，亦可把卵纸放在脸盆中孵化出幼虫，在盆中饲养幼虫除了提供足够的饲料外，主要是做好饲料保湿工作，湿度控制在含水量15％，过于干燥时可喷水，但不宜太湿，因为过干过湿都不利于幼虫的生长，当幼虫至3龄到4龄时，把幼虫筛出投喂蝎子等动物。

八、 黄粉虫的利用与加工

加工方法当黄粉虫长到2－3厘米时，除筛选留足良种外，其余均可作为饲料使用。使用时可直接将活虫投喂家禽和特种水产等动物，也可把黄粉虫磨成粉或浆后，拌入饲料中饲喂。一般喂猪适用虫粉，水产动物和幼禽适宜喂虫浆、鲜虫等。
虫粉将鲜虫放入锅内炒干或将鲜虫放入开水中煮死（1－2分钟）捞出，置通风处晒干，也可放烘干室烘干，然后用粉碎机粉碎即成虫粉。
虫浆把鲜虫直接放入磨成虫浆后，再将虫浆拌入饲料中使用，或把虫浆与饲料混合后晒干备用。

九、注意事项

1.种虫购入优良种虫十分重要，最好向有养殖经验的单位购买，不但种虫好繁殖率高，而且可以学到很好的养虫技术与经验。
2.饲料主要以麦麸子、青菜为饲料，青菜主要有白菜、萝卜、甘蓝、土豆、瓜类、野菜。麦麸可用少量粗玉米面、米糠代替。如以麦麸子70％，米糠或玉米面20％，饼粉10％。每100公斤混合料再加入多种维生素6克，微量元素100克喂虫更好。由于营养全面，黄粉虫繁殖快而健壮，一般每3公斤麦麸，2-3 公斤蔬菜可养出1公斤黄粉虫，每公斤黄粉虫的饲料成本4-5元．如青菜全是自己种植成本还能降低。
饲料要新鲜，不霉不烂。
冬季麦麸放在外面，应提前取回，待与室温相同时再喂虫。
注意消毒防病，门口经常用生石灰消毒，室内喷1ppm漂白粉。
冬季用温度控制黄粉虫生长，夏季用减少饲料控制生长，以调节虫龄成长出售的整齐度。

十、几点改进
1.过去饲养盘放在架上，现改为十字摞放。
2.过去产卵筛下套一稍大的饲养盘，现改为四框高仅1-2厘米的托盘，既省木料又轻便。
3.木盘高度由8厘米改为10厘米，夏季隔一盘摞一盘，两盘上下间距离10厘米，每天不用移盘，手伸入盘空间喂虫，节省很多劳力。
4.黄粉虫幼虫达到老熟阶段，体色变淡、食量减少，爬到表层不爱活动，等待蜕皮化蛹，此时可把老熟幼虫搂出，单放一盘中羽化，使化蛹时间集中，减少挑蛹用工，减少麻烦又降低成本。
5.蛹羽化成虫时，把蛹放在一个比筛盘小的纸板上，纸板放在筛盘中稍稍垫起。羽化成虫有避光趋暗习性，都自动爬出纸板而集中到下层筛盘中，减去挑成虫麻烦。
6. 夏季高温多湿蛹易大量死亡，可将幼虫的粪便少许于盒底，蛹放在上面，捡蛹投放减少厚度，可减少死亡率。
以上技术仅供参考各地可按虫体生长状况和饲料来源以及经济状况，而灵活掌握自行调整，不可生搬硬套、固守一方。切记温湿度、自行调控为佳。

Mastitis Control Products

Tangshan Finely Animal Care Co.,Ltd , https://www.faczyme.com