Why is the dry spreading fermentation bed effective?
Piglet diarrhea is a syndrome caused by dysfunction of the digestive system. When the feces contain more than 80% water, it is classified as diarrhea. This condition significantly hinders the growth of piglets and increases the feed conversion rate per unit weight gain. In large-scale pig farms in China, piglet diarrhea is widespread, leading to lower survival rates, higher mortality, poor weight gain, and reduced feed efficiency. These issues result in significant economic losses for the pig industry.
Diarrhea can occur in piglets at any age but typically appears in three stages: from birth to day 3, days 7–14, and after weaning. Different farms may experience varying levels of severity and incidence.
The causes of piglet diarrhea are complex and can be divided into infectious and non-infectious types. Infectious causes include bacteria like E. coli, viruses such as porcine rotavirus or transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and parasites like coccidia. Non-infectious causes often relate to feeding practices, environmental conditions, and management errors.
E. coli infections, for example, occur when pigs are under stress, leading to imbalances in gut flora. Symptoms include watery stools with a foul odor, jaundice, and edema. Viral diseases like TGEV and porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) cause sudden vomiting, watery diarrhea, and dehydration, with high mortality rates in young pigs. Coccidiosis, common in densely housed piglets, leads to bloody or mucus-filled stools and rapid dehydration.
Non-infectious causes include improper feeding, such as high-protein diets, unbalanced feed formulas, or poor-quality feed containing toxins or antinutritional factors. Poor farm hygiene, unsuitable temperature and humidity, and inadequate ventilation also contribute. Additionally, gastrointestinal microbial imbalance due to antibiotic overuse can trigger diarrhea.
Prevention and treatment depend on identifying the root cause. Bacterial infections require antibiotics or herbal treatments, while viral cases need vaccination and supportive care. For coccidiosis, anti-coccidial drugs are essential. Improving feed quality, managing the environment, and ensuring proper sanitation are critical for long-term prevention.
Now, why is the dry spreading fermentation bed effective in reducing piglet diarrhea? The key lies in its ability to improve the overall environment. Traditional concrete floors create damp, cold conditions that promote pathogen growth and increase the risk of disease. In contrast, the fermentation bed reduces harmful gases, controls moisture, and maintains a stable temperature around 20°C. This creates a cleaner, healthier space for pigs.
The fermentation process breaks down waste in place, reducing odors and pathogens. It also supports beneficial microorganisms that help balance gut flora, improving digestion and immunity. The structure of the bed allows for better ventilation, reducing the spread of disease and promoting natural pig behavior.
Additionally, the fermentation bed provides trace elements through decomposed organic matter, helping prevent nutritional deficiencies that can lead to diarrhea. It also encourages less stress among pigs due to lower stocking density, which further reduces the likelihood of illness.
When using a dry spreading fermentation bed, proper disinfection, litter maintenance, and regular turning of the bedding are essential to ensure optimal performance. Ventilation is also crucial to maintain air quality and support microbial activity. With these considerations, the fermentation bed not only improves pig health but also enhances productivity and sustainability in pig farming.
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