Symptoms: In the early stages, the leaves display water-soaked, necrotic spots that quickly turn dark brown. The lesions often feature distinct, concentric rings and are surrounded by a yellow halo. These symptoms can spread rapidly under favorable conditions.
The pathogen responsible is *Pseudomonas cichoric* (Swinhle) Stapp, commonly known as *Pseudomonas syringae*. This bacterium is rod-shaped and possesses polar flagella, allowing it to move effectively in moist environments.
Infection occurs primarily through water splashing or physical contact between leaves, which facilitates the spread of the bacteria. The pathogen typically enters the plant through wounds or natural openings such as stomata. The optimal temperature for disease development ranges from 17 to 23°C, and outbreaks are more common during cooler periods.
Prevention and control measures should be implemented as soon as symptoms appear. Infected leaves should be promptly removed to prevent further spread. A 14% solution of Luoyang Bronze (also known as copper oxychloride) diluted to 350 times its concentration can be applied every 7 to 10 days. It is recommended to apply this treatment 2 to 3 times for effective disease management. Additionally, maintaining good air circulation, avoiding overhead irrigation, and practicing crop rotation can help reduce the risk of infection in future seasons.
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