The industrialized greenhouse farming of turtles is divided into two key components: the indoor air environment and the aquatic environment. These two systems are interrelated yet distinct, making it essential to understand their unique characteristics and functions in order to create a scientifically optimized environment for turtle cultivation.
1. **Characteristics and Functions of the Indoor Greenhouse Environment**
The indoor space environment encompasses the entire area within the greenhouse structure, including the space above the water bodies used for aquaculture. Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, air quality, and light play a significant role in shaping the conditions for turtle growth. The influence of these factors varies depending on the distance from the outdoor environment and the water surface. As a result, the indoor space can be categorized into three zones: the top zone, the middle zone, and the bottom zone.
1.1 **Top Zone**
The top zone refers to the area located 50 cm below the greenhouse roof. This region is highly sensitive to external environmental changes, especially in greenhouses with poor insulation. When heating stops, the temperature here can fluctuate significantly due to external weather conditions. For example, during November 2000, temperature variations in the ceiling area were several times greater than those at the water level. On a sunny day in Shanghai, the temperature at the top could reach up to 76°C, while the lower areas remained around 33°C. However, in well-insulated greenhouses, these fluctuations are less extreme. The top zone is dynamic and plays a crucial role in regulating the overall indoor climate, which is why it's referred to as the "active space environment."
1.2 **Middle Zone**
The middle zone lies between the top and bottom areas, typically 1 meter below the top zone. Compared to the top zone, this area experiences more stable conditions. It acts as a transitional buffer between the upper and lower regions. Measurements taken during late afternoon showed that temperature changes occurred more slowly in the middle zone—28 minutes compared to 13 minutes in the top zone. The temperature difference was also smaller (7°C vs. 18°C). This stability makes the middle zone an important "buffer zone" in maintaining a consistent environment throughout the greenhouse.
1.3 **Bottom Zone**
The bottom zone refers to the area near the water surface, usually 30–40 cm above it. This region has the most stable conditions and directly influences the aquatic environment where turtles live. Changes in this area affect water quality, which in turn impacts the health and growth of the turtles. Maintaining stability in this zone is critical for successful aquaculture, which is why it’s called the "stability zone."
2. **Characteristics and Functions of the Aquatic Environment**
The aquatic environment in industrialized greenhouses is where the turtles reside. It includes not only the water itself but also biological, chemical, and physical factors that interact dynamically. Understanding how these elements affect turtle growth is vital for optimizing the aquaculture system.
2.1 **Biological Factors**
Biological elements include plankton, microorganisms, and the turtles themselves. Zooplankton, particularly cladocera (commonly known as “red wormsâ€), can indicate water quality. They turn red when oxygen levels drop, signaling hypoxia. While they consume bacteria and help control disease, they also deplete dissolved oxygen, which can be harmful. Phytoplankton contributes to oxygenation through photosynthesis, but its effectiveness depends on light quality and duration. Microorganisms help break down organic matter, but some can cause diseases.
2.2 **Chemical Factors**
Key chemical parameters include pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrogen, methane, and hydrogen sulfide. Dissolved oxygen is essential for turtle survival, while ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are harmful pollutants. pH acts as a balancing factor. Fluctuations in these chemicals are influenced by biological activity and must be carefully managed to maintain a healthy environment.
2.3 **Physical Factors**
Water temperature is the most critical physical factor, as turtles are ectothermic and rely on environmental temperature for metabolic processes. Light affects phototrophic organisms and provides necessary sunlight for turtles, while water flow ensures proper circulation and gas exchange. Together, these factors shape the aquatic environment and directly impact turtle health and growth.
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