The industrialized greenhouse farming of turtles is divided into two main components: the indoor air environment and the aquatic environment. Both are interconnected yet distinct, making it essential to understand their individual characteristics and functions in order to create a scientifically optimized environment for turtle cultivation.
1. **Characteristics and Functions of the Greenhouse Air Environment**
The greenhouse air environment encompasses the entire space from the water surface up to the greenhouse structure. During aquaculture, factors like temperature, humidity, light, and air quality significantly influence the growth and health of turtles. The impact of these factors varies depending on the distance from the outdoor atmosphere and the water system. Therefore, the air environment can be categorized into three zones: the top zone, the middle zone, and the bottom zone.
1.1 **Top Zone**
The top zone refers to the area within 50 cm below the greenhouse roof. This region is highly sensitive to external weather changes, especially in greenhouses with poor insulation. For instance, when heating stops, temperature fluctuations in this zone can be extreme. A study in Shanghai in November 2000 showed that during midday, the top zone could reach 76°C while the lower areas remained as low as 33°C. These drastic variations are more pronounced between 3-6 AM and 9-1 PM. However, in well-insulated greenhouses, these fluctuations are less severe. The top zone is considered an "active environment" due to its high sensitivity and rapid response to environmental changes.
1.2 **Middle Zone**
The middle zone lies 1 meter below the top zone and serves as a transitional area. Compared to the top zone, it experiences more stable conditions. Measurements taken at noon revealed that temperature changes occurred faster in the top zone (13 minutes), slower in the middle (28 minutes), and even slower in the bottom (36 minutes). The temperature difference was also greater in the top zone (18°C) than in the middle (7°C) and bottom (3°C). This makes the middle zone a crucial buffer zone that helps stabilize the overall environment.
1.3 **Bottom Zone**
The bottom zone is located just above the water surface, typically 30–40 cm above it. This area has the most stable conditions and directly influences the aquatic environment. It plays a key role in maintaining water quality and supporting the health of aquatic animals. Since stability here is critical, it is referred to as the "stability zone." Ensuring a consistent environment in this area is essential for successful turtle farming.
2. **Characteristics and Functions of the Aquatic Environment**
The aquatic environment in industrialized greenhouses is where turtles live and grow. In addition to water itself, the environment includes biological, chemical, and physical factors that interact dynamically. Understanding how these elements affect turtle health is vital for creating optimal growing conditions.
2.1 **Biological Factors**
Biological factors include plankton, microorganisms, and the turtles themselves. Zooplankton, such as cladocera (also known as “red wormsâ€), are common in turtle ponds. They change color under low oxygen conditions, indicating poor water quality. While they help control harmful bacteria, excessive populations can deplete oxygen and harm the ecosystem. Phytoplankton contributes to oxygenation through photosynthesis, but its effectiveness depends on lighting conditions. Microorganisms decompose organic matter, but some can cause disease.
2.2 **Chemical Factors**
Key chemical factors include dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia, nitrogen, methane, and hydrogen sulfide. Dissolved oxygen is fundamental for aquatic life, while others are considered negative factors. pH acts as a balancing agent. Imbalances in these factors can lead to poor water quality and negatively impact turtle health.
2.3 **Physical Factors**
Temperature, light, and water flow are the main physical factors. Water temperature is particularly important for turtles, as they are ectothermic. Light affects phototactic organisms and influences temperature, while water flow ensures proper circulation and gas exchange. Together, these factors shape the overall health and productivity of the greenhouse aquaculture system.
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