At present, the tomato cultivation in the greenhouse adopts a two-year, one-on-two pattern, which is divided into autumn and winter pods and winter pods. Due to climatic differences, the growth patterns, nutrient demand patterns, and field management of two tomato varieties are different. How to cultivate tomato in greenhouse in winter and spring? Experts suggest that farmers should strengthen the management of soil and fertilizer water and read the "three-word scriptures".
Read the scripture scriptures
Strengthening soil management is the foundation of scientific balanced fertilization and water management. Farmers' soil management can follow two principles.
The first is to supplement organic fertilizers and maintain soil health. Due to the short interval between winter and spring pods, soil management measures such as recreation and dregs are not available. Generally, fertilization, ploughing, ridging, laying of drip irrigation pipes, and transplanting are performed as soon as possible after the last season crop is pulled. Prior to plowing, reasonable supplementation of high-quality organic fertilizer has a significant effect on fertility. General application of high-quality bio-organic fertilizer 300 ~ 500 kg / mu, soybean meal 100 ~ 300 kg / mu.
The second is ridge cultivation, which is conducive to ventilation and permeable water, and cultivates strong roots. The organic fertilizer is mixed with the soil by rotary tilling, and the depth of rotation is preferably 20 cm. Rotation after rotaving, ridge width 60 cm, height 20 cm, 80 cm spacing between two ridges. A ridge double row planting mode was adopted on the ridges, and two drip irrigation pipes were laid on each ridge.
Read "Water Scripture"
After the colonization of tomato can be covered with film, drip irrigation water 30 square / mu, every 5 to 7 days after the second time pouring water, watering 20 ~ 25 square / acre. Before the topping of the tomato (the seedling stage and the flowering fruit setting period), the drip irrigation is performed once every 7-10 days, each time the amount of irrigation water is 20 square meters/mu. Tension meter can be installed directly below the dripper at a depth of 20 cm to indicate the soil moisture content. When the tension meter reads -25 kPa, drip irrigation can be started, and the amount of water per irrigation is 15-20 square meters per mu. After the tomato is topping, as the temperature rises, the tomato water consumption increases, the irrigation interval is reduced to 5-7 days, and the amount of irrigation water is 20-25 square meters per mu. The time interval of irrigation can also be determined by the tensiometer reading.
The drip irrigation system should be adjusted in time. When there is continuous cloudy days, the amount of evaporation should be reduced. It is necessary to postpone or advance irrigation and reduce the amount of irrigation. When there are high temperatures, low humidity, and large evaporation, it is necessary to increase the amount of irrigation. Irrigate in advance, increase irrigation frequency or irrigation quota.
Read "Feature Scripture"
Greenhouse tomato grows fast, has many results, is hi-fertilizer, and has weak roots and fertility. It requires strict soil nutrient conditions. According to the determination, for each 1,000 kg of tomato produced, 3.2 kg of nitrogen (N), 0.9 kg of phosphorus (P2O5), and 5.4 kg of potassium (K2O) should be drawn from the soil. The ratio of the three is 1:0.3:1.7. Potassium is the most abundant tomato during the whole growth period, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus again. In addition, tomatoes have more calcium requirements than nitrogen.
Before the rotation of the tomato, 100 kg of superphosphate can be applied to supplement calcium nutrition and meet the demand of phosphorus. After planting, a small amount of rooting amino acids and humic acid water soluble fertilizer can be applied by drip irrigation, but filtration must be done to prevent clogging of the drip holes. The fertilization was started from the 4th drip irrigation and applied 4 to 5 times before the tomato was topped. The recommended formula was 20-5-20 and the application amount was 13.3 kg/mu. After the tomato is topping, apply high-potassium (12-5-35) water-soluble fertilizer at a rate of 10 kg/mu for each application 5 to 6 times.
In the late growth stage of tomato, it can be sprayed on the leaves to supplement some trace elements. Tomato needs more calcium, calcium deficiency easily lead to umbilical rot and fruit cracking, affecting yield. Foliar spraying of 0.3% to 0.5% calcium nitrate aqueous solution or 800 to 1000 times calcium alkoxide water solution can be adopted. Calcium and other trace elements such as boron and zinc are supplemented at the same time to help fruit enlargement and increase production.
Precautions
Farmers should pay attention to six aspects in the management of tomato soil and fertilizer in winter and spring.
First, peasant households with drip irrigation facilities try to use ridge cultivation to increase ground temperature, ventilation, and water, which is conducive to the growth of tomato roots, and to achieve the purpose of roots and seedlings.
The second is to use organic fertilizer with high carbon and nitrogen content as much as possible, and reduce the use of manure from pure chicken manure and pig manure, and increase the input of microbial fertilizers.
The third is to do a small amount of fertilization a few times, once a watering fertilizer, do not empty water during fruit setting. Fertilizer application should pay attention to the principle of early phosphorus (long roots), medium-term nitrogen (long trees), and late potassium (long fruit).
Fourth, irrigation should try to prevent the growth of the root system to a depth of 30 cm. By digging roots, we can see whether we have reached the irrigation requirements. The irrigation volume is generally about 20 square meters/mu.
The fifth is to achieve the principle of water and fertilizer synchronization (water and fertilizer integration), the use of good quality water-soluble fertilizers, irrigation should do a good job of filtering, to prevent the drip hole block affect the use of irrigation equipment.
Sixth, it is necessary to grasp the principle of watering first-re-fertilize-and then watering when irrigating, which is conducive to the full transfer of the fertilized material to the root of tomato. At the same time preventing the accumulation of salt in the drip pipe causing the dripping plug.
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