Different breeds, strains, chicks in different growing seasons, environmental factors, and environmental factors have different degrees of influence on them, so the degree of control is also focused. All these are often closely related to the physiological characteristics of the flock at different stages of growth.
Physiological characteristics of chicks
The physiological function of the remaining egg yolk
After the chicks emerge from the shell, the yolk that has not been completely absorbed remains in the abdomen; the outside of the chick is surrounded by a transparent and blood-filled film, which is a sac, called the remaining yolk sac. Normally hatched, healthy chicks need nutrition from their main yolk from these remaining egg yolks within 3 days to 1 week. This special structure of the chick's physiology is not found in chickens. For newly hatched chicks, the smaller the remaining egg yolk is, the stronger the constitution is, and vice versa the weaker. Anatomical findings were made on chicks that died within 1 to 5 days of age: if they did not die from poisoning or crumple, almost all of them were weak chicks with poor absorption of the yolk during hatching. There are also some weak yolk malabsorption chicks can survive until 6 days to 7 days before they continue to die, and a small number of yolk malabsorption of weak young chicks are due to white psoriasis, enteritis or flu and death. The weak chicks that survive can grow poorly in the future, or they themselves are carriers of the white fleas. Therefore, judging the quality of chicks is an important criterion for checking the hatching technique, which is determined by the absorption condition of the hatched young chicken eggs. After hatching, if the abdomen gets a suitable temperature, it will greatly contribute to the reabsorption of the remaining egg yolk, thereby enhancing the chick's physique and disease resistance, and significantly improve the survival rate.
Living environment temperature
The body temperature of chicks within 10 days of chick body temperature was 1.4°C~1.68°C lower than that of chickens. The rapid temperature rise of fast feathers is faster, and the slower long feathers often do not reach the body temperature of adult chicken until 15 days of age. The physiological characteristics of the chick show that its ability to regulate body temperature is weak, and the body temperature of the chicken embryo in the certain period and the initial stage of the hatching are raised and lowered as the ambient temperature rises and falls. Physiologically this phenomenon is of particular importance for the brooding worker in mastering the laws of chick cultivation. Therefore, when the chicks are moved to a cool environment, both body temperature and metabolic rate are reduced, even if the chicks can increase some of the metabolic heat due to chills, because it does not have thermal insulation to maintain this heat. In order to keep the body temperature at a constant level after the 15th to 20th day of age has passed, the temperature regulation mechanism of the chick body is well developed. This is one of the reasons why the early chicks require a higher temperature in the living environment than the adult chicken.
Villi insulation performance
The outer layer of the hatched chicks is covered with a layer of villi, and the hair length is 1.0 cm to 1.5 cm. It is the outermost insulation layer of the chick body. However, the layer is very thin, and it is difficult to achieve a sufficient thickness to form an air heat insulation layer, and the heat insulation performance is very poor. The feathers of adult chickens are very different. They include a relatively solid texture of the plumes (including the roots of the plumes and the axis of the plumes), and neat feathers from the plume. The feathers are arranged semi-overlay on the chicken's epidermis in the direction of the chicken's tail. It can also be contracted or relaxed under the control of the epidermis and the muscles of the muscles. When the chicken body feels cold, the feathers are often loosened upward to form a certain thickness, the airflow is blocked, and a heat insulation layer separated from the external low temperature is formed, which can effectively resist the invasion of the outside world and prevent the rapid temperature diffusion in the body. Its thermal insulation performance is much stronger than chicks. However, the chicks are stronger than the chickens in the tolerance to the high temperature environment. This is one of the physiological characteristics of the chicks that require both high temperature environment protection and high temperature environment.
Subcutaneous fat layer structure
The chicken's subcutaneous fat layer is the main insulation layer. The epidermis of the early chicks was thin and translucent. There was no fat deposit layer under the skin, especially in the abdomen, and the remaining egg yolk could be seen almost through the epidermis. Its muscle tissue is also very thin and contains a lot of water, and water itself is also a kind of thermal conductor. This kind of surface tissue structure cannot effectively block the low temperature, and because the early chicks have not developed the nervous system, they do not have the ability to regulate body temperature, and their ability to keep warm is poor. The surface structure of chickens is different. It has both thicker epidermis and thicker layers of subcutaneous fat, especially with thicker abdomen, strong structural muscle fibers, and a well-coordinated nervous system. This organization is incomparable to the structure of the chicks in terms of ability to produce heat and prevent heat (low temperature).
Chicken body composition
The proportion of water and protein in the chicken body is higher than that of the chicken. The only body fat is lower than the adult chicken, indicating that the chicks have low energy storage and heat production. This is also the characteristics of the chick's physiological anatomy.
Special lung structure
Since chicken lungs have 9 air bags, the oxygen consumption and exhaust gas emissions of chickens are calculated to be 1 to 2 times higher than that of other livestock. When large-scale intensified feeding and management, the degree of pollution of the environment is also much more serious than other livestock. It was determined that when the carbon dioxide gas in the house reached 8%, the spirits of the chicks showed a painful state, and they reached a lethargic state when they reached 15.2%.
Ultrashort intestinal structure
The gut length of a chicken is only 6 to 7 times longer than its body length (30 times for sheep, 25 times for cattle, 15 times for horses and pigs, and 10 times for rabbits), combined with a high metabolic rate despite the variety, Age, food, and temperature differ from each other in terms of water metabolism, feed digestion, and concentration, but all are faster than other livestock. It takes only 12 to 14 hours for the chicken to digest the grains. Half of the other foods pass through the digestive tract for about 4 hours to 5 hours. All foods can be completed in 18 hours to 20 hours. The water can be passed in only 30 minutes. Because the feed passes through the intestines very quickly, the frequency of defecation is very high in chickens, and the organic matter that remains in the feces is also more than other animal excrements, and the nitrogenous material is also the highest. The hen house is damp, which accelerates the decomposition and decomposition of the feces and generates large amounts of ammonia gas. Ammonia can paralyze or destroy the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells so that the bacteria can easily invade the body of the chicken, and the damage to the chicken is more serious than the carbon dioxide gas. It has been determined that when the concentration of ammonia in the air in the room is only 20 mg/kg, if it is kept for more than 6 weeks, it will cause pulmonary edema and congestion, and the incidence of Newcastle disease will increase; if it reaches 50 mg/kg, it will be raised after a few days. To runny nose and tears; when the concentration reaches 100 mg/kg, the egg production rate will drop by 13% to 15%, and it is difficult to recover in the short term.
Safe and Effective Brooding Management
Brooding is the key to raising chickens. The quality of chickens is a key part of chicken production. It not only affects the growth and survival rate of chicks, but also affects the production performance, thus affecting economic efficiency. Therefore, it must be targeted at chicks. The physiological characteristics, take appropriate measures, do a good job of feeding and management of chicks, in order to improve the survival rate of chicks and better improve the production performance of chickens.
Prepare for brooding
Maintenance of brooding sheds and preparation and disinfection of brooding utensils: 1 week prior to brooding, the brooding sheds are to be repaired, and brooding utensils are prepared: feeding trays, feeding troughs, drinking fountains, etc., and thoroughly cleaned, and then used in Forma. Forest and potassium permanganate fumigation for 24 hours (per cubic meter of space with a ratio of 15 grams of potassium permanganate and 30 milliliters of formalin is appropriate), and finally use 100 poison and other disinfectants for thorough disinfection.
Preparation of feeds, drugs and vaccines: Before brooding, prepare chicks of different ages with complete nutrition, easy to digest and good palatability, commonly used brooding drugs (such as norfloxacin, etc.) and disinfectants (such as 100 toxins, etc.) And all the vaccines involved in the immunization program (such as Marek's disease vaccine, etc.).
Preheating brooding houses: 1st to 3rd days before breeding (usually 1 day in summer, 2 days in spring and 3 days in winter), the chicken house starts to warm up and warm up, so that the indoor temperature reaches about 32°C. When testing temperature, in order to avoid contamination of sterilized houses and utensils, strict compliance with the requirements of hygiene and epidemic prevention shall be carried out.
Guarantee the quality of chicks
The quality of chicks is directly related to the growth and development of chickens, survival rate and production performance, affecting the feeding effect, so when entering the chicks should be strict quality control, try to choose healthy chicks, the weak chicks or broken chicks early eliminated.
Creating a suitable brooding environment
Density: A reasonable rearing density can provide chicks with equal opportunities for drinking and eating, which can help improve evenness, and can prevent chicks from licking and licking. If the density is too small, the use of the house is low, resulting in waste; if the density is too high, it will cause mutual crowding, air pollution, inconsistent feeding and drinking water, etc., which will lead to growth obstruction and spread of the disease.
Temperature: The function of a chick to regulate body temperature is not yet perfect, its ability to adapt to the external environment is poor, its disease resistance is weak, its immune function is poor, it is susceptible to disease, and it is sensitive to changes in temperature. The appropriate temperature is the primary condition for broiler chicks and must be strictly controlled. If the temperature is too low or changes too much, it is not conducive to the growth and development of the chicks. Whether the brooding temperature is suitable or not can be judged by the state of the chicks. The temperature is appropriate, the chicks are lively and lively, the sound of calling is swift, the drinking water is moderate, the head is stretched and the legs are relaxed when sleeping, the squeezing is not extinguished, and the brooding is not spread too far; the temperature is low and the chicks gather Around the heat source, crowded and crowded, seldom eat and cry; the temperature is too high, the chicks are far away from the heat source, the mouth is looked up, irritability, and the amount of drinking water is significantly increased.
Humidity: Humidity has a great influence on the growth and development of chicks, especially for chicks of about 1 week of age. If the humidity is too low, the chicks will be dehydrated and the yolk will be poorly absorbed. If the humidity is too high, the chicks will suffer from loss of appetite and be prone to diarrhea or even death. Practice has proved that the relative humidity in the early brooding period is higher than that in the later period. The main reason is that the indoor temperature during the early brooding period is relatively high and the water evaporates quickly. At this time, the relative humidity should be higher. Under normal circumstances, in the early stages of brooding, there is often a situation where the humidity is too small, causing the chicks to drink frequently, with dry legs and fragile hairs. At this time, the best measure to take is to disinfect the chicken spray or place enough water trays to increase the humidity, and gradually reduce the humidity as the chicks grow.
Light: Suitable light can promote chicks to eat, drink and exercise, which is conducive to the growth and development of chicks and achieve rapid weight gain. In production practice, natural light is combined with incandescent light to supply light. The principle of controlling incandescent light supply is: the best 24-hour light in the first 3 days, 15-hour light from the 3rd day to 2 weeks old, and thereafter The gradual transition to natural light occurs after 2 hours of decrement. Natural light is applied 4 weeks later to prevent the light from being excessively active.
Ventilation: Ventilation is to eliminate foul air in the house, especially toxic and harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. Good ventilation can keep the air in the brood room fresh. It also helps to regulate the temperature and humidity in the room, which is conducive to the health and growth of the chicks. Ventilation is mainly based on the age, season and weather of the chicks. Production practices can be adjusted by opening and closing the doors and windows, but it is necessary to prevent thieves from entering the room.
All-in and all-out system: From the beginning of brooding to the end of the brooding period, they are always kept in the same hen house, while brooding, and at the same time hatching, that is, one hen house is of the same age. Adopting an all-in, all-out system is conducive to the growth and development of chickens, prevention of diseases and the prevention of diseases.
Feeding management
Hygienic disinfection: Disinfection tanks should be set at the exits and entrances of chicken houses in order to ensure strict disinfection of chickens in and out of the houses to prevent chicken disease. The simplest method is to put a certain amount of disinfectant in a plastic pot on the entrance of the chicken house, and clean the broiler house daily and disinfect it with chicken spray.
To ensure clean drinking water: It is an important part of improving the survival rate of chicks to provide enough clean drinking water. During the production, it is recommended to supply chicks with drinking water in the following manner: The chicks are fed warm boiled water (about 25°C) within one week of age, and appropriate glucose, 0.1% vitamin C and antibacterial drugs are added to the water within 1 hour to 2 hours. After drinking for 1 week, clean the tap water and clean and disinfect the water dispenser once a day.
Feeding methods: The chicken has a strong metabolism, fast growth and development, but has a small stomach volume and weak digestion. Therefore, it has a high requirement for feeds. It should be based on the feeding standards of different chicken breeds, combined with local feed resources, and reasonably formulated with a comprehensive nutritional value and low price. The feed is for chicks to eat. Generally, chicks start to eat after hatching, and the appropriate amount of soaked pellets are used to allow the chicks to feed freely, ensuring that there is sufficient feed; after 1 week, 1% to 2% of gravel is mixed in the feed and appropriate amount. The green and blue material helps digestion. Doing less feeding Tim to prevent feed spoilage, feed tray, feeding trough daily cleaning, disinfection 1 time.
Timely deterrence: The purpose of deterrence is to prevent chickens from eating and wasting food and fleas. In general, chicks undergo one-time defibrillation at the age of one week, and are corrected once more at the age of two weeks. Prevention of bleeding and infection during severance, supplementation of vitamin K and multi-vitamins in the feed 2 days before severing, is beneficial to coagulation, and can be fed with 0.02% norfloxacin mix after severing.
Regular removal of feces
Chicken manure is easily decomposed under high temperature conditions and generates a large amount of harmful gases such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, which is not conducive to the growth and development of chicks. In order to ensure the health of chicks, it is necessary to do a good job of removing feces and keep the house air fresh.
Scientific epidemic prevention
Scientific immunization: Immunization is an effective means to prevent infectious diseases in chickens. In the brooding stage, it should be strictly operated. Generally, according to the actual situation of the local (this field), establish a set of immune procedures suitable for chickens to ensure the quality of inoculation. The main vaccinations include: Marek's Disease Vaccine, new, double-joint vaccine, chicken Newcastle disease H-type vaccine, infectious bursal disease vaccine, chickenpox attenuated vaccine, chicken Newcastle disease I line seedlings and so on.
Epidemic prevention: The common diseases of chickens are white psoriasis, coccidiosis, and Newcastle disease in chickens. They should be combined with the use of drug science for prevention. Generally within 2 weeks, it is mainly against white diarrhea, and within 2 weeks to 8 weeks it is mainly against coccidiosis. Usually pay attention to strict disinfection, and to ensure that outsiders will not be allowed to enter and leave the sheds, diligent cleaning every day to ensure that the environment of chicken coops clean and sanitary; utensils should be washed and regularly disinfected.
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