Flammulina velutipes, commonly known as Enoki mushroom, has specific environmental requirements at each stage of its growth. During the mycelium development phase, it thrives in a temperature range of 3°C to 34°C, with an ideal temperature around 23°C. For fruit body differentiation, the optimal temperature is between 10°C and 15°C, with the best results observed at 12°C to 13°C. The primordium can develop within 10°C to 20°C, but above 23°C, it may shrink or disappear entirely. When it comes to the fruiting body's growth, the ideal temperature range is 5°C to 20°C, with the most favorable being 8°C to 12°C. A short cold treatment at 4°C after fruiting bodies appear can help produce more uniform, round-shaped mushrooms.
Moisture is another critical factor. During mycelium growth, the culture medium should maintain a moisture content between 60% and 68%. Adjusting the moisture based on the texture of the substrate can enhance yield. If the moisture drops below 50%, the mycelium becomes sparse and weak. Excess moisture over 75% can lead to poor ventilation and slow or halted growth. For fruiting bodies, the ideal water content is around 65%, and below 50% will prevent fruit body formation. During primordium development, air humidity should be kept between 80% and 85%. As the fruiting bodies grow, the relative humidity needs to be increased to 85% to 95% to support proper development.
As an aerobic fungus, Flammulina velutipes requires adequate oxygen throughout both the mycelial and fruiting stages. Insufficient oxygen can result in slow growth, thin stems, and incomplete cap formation, leading to "needle mushrooms." The fruiting bodies are highly sensitive to carbon dioxide levels. If COâ‚‚ exceeds 1%, cap growth is inhibited; above 5%, no fruit bodies will form.
Light conditions also play a role. While mycelium can grow in complete darkness, and primordium formation can occur without light, scattered light during the fruiting body stage helps promote fruiting. Lastly, Flammulina velutipes prefers a slightly acidic environment, with a pH range of 3 to 8.4. The optimal pH for mycelium growth is 4 to 7. Slightly alkaline conditions can delay fruiting, while a slightly acidic medium promotes strong mycelial growth. The most rapid fruiting occurs at pH 5 to 6. If the pH falls below 3 or rises above 8, mycelium growth stops, and fruiting bodies do not develop.
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