Flammulina velutipes, commonly known as enoki mushroom, has specific environmental requirements for each stage of its growth. During the mycelium development phase, it thrives in a temperature range of 3°C to 34°C, with the ideal temperature being around 23°C. For fruit body differentiation, the optimal temperature is between 10°C and 15°C, ideally around 12°C to 13°C. The primordia can develop within 10°C to 20°C, but above 23°C, they may shrink and disappear. The fruiting bodies grow best between 5°C and 20°C, with the ideal range being 8°C to 12°C. A short cold shock at 4°C after the fruit bodies have formed can help produce neatly arranged, round mushrooms.
Moisture is crucial throughout the growth cycle. During mycelium development, the culture medium should maintain a moisture content between 60% and 68%. Adjustments based on the texture of the medium can enhance yield. If the moisture drops below 50%, mycelium growth becomes sparse and weak. Exceeding 75% moisture can lead to poor ventilation and slow or halted growth. For fruiting bodies, the optimal moisture level is 65%, and below 50% will prevent fruit body formation. During primordium development, the air humidity should be kept between 80% and 85%, while during fruiting body development, it should be increased to 85% to 95% to support proper growth.
As an aerobic fungus, Flammulina velutipes requires sufficient oxygen for both mycelial growth and fruiting body development. Without enough oxygen, the mushrooms grow slowly, become elongated, and may not form caps, resulting in needle-like structures. The fruit bodies are highly sensitive to carbon dioxide levels; above 1%, cap growth is inhibited, and above 5%, fruit bodies may not form at all.
Light conditions also play a role. Mycelium can grow in complete darkness, and primordia can form without light. However, during fruiting body development, scattered light helps promote fruit body formation.
In terms of pH, Flammulina velutipes prefers a slightly acidic environment, growing well between pH 3 and 8.4. The ideal pH for mycelium growth is 4 to 7. Slightly alkaline conditions can delay fruit body formation, while slightly acidic media promote faster mycelium growth. The most rapid fruiting occurs at pH 5 to 6. If the pH falls below 3 or rises above 8, mycelium growth stops, and fruit bodies do not develop.
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