In recent years, respiratory diseases have become one of the most prevalent and economically damaging conditions in large-scale pig farms. These illnesses commonly occur during the breeding period and later growth stages, particularly in pigs aged 18 to 20 weeks. The primary symptoms include fever, coughing, and difficulty breathing, which often lead to slow growth or even stunted development. The disease has an incidence rate ranging from 30% to 70%, with a mortality rate between 15% and 20%, resulting in significant financial losses for farmers.
The condition was first identified in North America in 1997 and was named Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC). It is now recognized as the leading cause of respiratory issues in the swine industry. Research indicates that PRDC is typically a result of a combination of factors, including bacterial and viral infections, environmental stress, and poor farm management.
**Main Pathogenic Factors**
1. **Primary pathogens**: These include Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MH), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), Pseudorabies Virus (PRV), Swine Influenza Virus (SIV), Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2).
2. **Secondary pathogens**: These include Pasteurella multocida (PM), Streptococcus suis (SS), Haemophilus parasuis (HP), and Bordetella bronchiseptica (BB).
3. **Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae** plays a central role in respiratory diseases. It damages the respiratory tract's natural defenses, making pigs more susceptible to other pathogens and increasing the risk of secondary infections. MH and PRRSV, in particular, can weaken the immune system, reducing mucosal resistance and increasing vulnerability to PRDC.
4. **Environmental factors**: Poor ventilation, high ammonia levels, overcrowding, high humidity, and unsanitary conditions contribute significantly to the spread of the disease. Dust from feed can also irritate the respiratory system, worsening symptoms.
**Comprehensive Prevention and Control Measures**
- **Daily Management**
- Maintain a self-breeding system to avoid introducing infected pigs.
- Implement strict all-in-all-out practices to prevent cross-contamination.
- Control the microclimate in pig houses by improving ventilation, reducing density, and maintaining stable temperatures.
- Enhance feeding practices with balanced diets to boost immunity.
- Ensure thorough cleaning and disinfection of facilities.
- **Vaccination**
Vaccines are essential for controlling viral pathogens such as PRRSV, MH, and PRV. They help prevent infection and provide long-term protection when used consistently.
- **Medication Strategies**
- **Sows**: One week before farrowing, add antibiotics to feed at the following concentrations:
- Tylosin phosphate 100ppm + Chlortetracycline 300ppm
- Tiamulin 100ppm + Doxycycline 100ppm
- Tilmicosin 60–100ppm + Chlortetracycline 200ppm
- Lignocin 120ppm + Aureomycin 300ppm
- Physocin 100ppm + Chlortetracycline 300ppm + Amoxicillin 200ppm
- **Piglets**: Administer similar combinations in feed before and after weaning, adjusting dosages as needed.
- **Fattening pigs**: Use medication weekly for 1–2 weeks.
- **Gilts**: Administer once per month using the same protocols.
- **Treatment of Affected Pigs**
- Tylosin: 10 mg/kg IM twice daily for 5 days.
- Telmicol: 10 mg/kg IM once daily for 5 days.
- Techsin: 15 mg/kg IM once daily for 5 days.
- Ceftiofur: 3–5 mg/kg IM once daily for 3 days.
- Tilmicosin + Chlortetracycline: 100–200g + 200g/ton feed for 7 days.
- Tiamulin + Oxytetracycline: 200g + 600g/ton feed for 5 days.
- Tiamulin + Chlortetracycline + Amoxicillin: 200ppm + 400ppm + 200ppm for 5–7 days.
By combining good management, vaccination, and timely treatment, farmers can effectively reduce the impact of PRDC on their herds and minimize economic losses.
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