(A) Deformed mushrooms commonly occur due to temperature fluctuations or unfavorable growing conditions, and can also be influenced by the mushroom strain itself. Several types of malformations are observed:
1. **Hollow Stipe**: Mushrooms may appear normal on the bed, but when cut open, the stipe is found to be partially hollow with a hard core surrounded by an annular cavity. The stipe may later crack and curl back, reducing the mushroom’s appearance and quality. This typically happens when humidity during the fruiting stage is too low, causing rapid moisture loss from the mushroom body and dry soil that prevents adequate hydration.
2. **Cracked Stipe**: Vertical cracks in the stipe may be accompanied by horizontal splits, causing the tissue to curl up or down. This occurs when the covering soil is overly moist, then dries quickly, leading to sudden moisture changes that cause cracking.
3. **Swollen Stipe**: In some cases, the stipe may become swollen at its base, middle, or tip. This is less common but can affect the overall structure of the mushroom.
4. **Hard Folds (Open Umbrella)**: The cap appears pale with shallow or missing gills. When broken, the cap feels thicker than usual. This condition is often linked to improper environmental conditions, especially during the early stages of growth.
5. **Ugly Mushrooms**: These occur when the fruiting body develops abnormally, often associated with the first flush of mushrooms in autumn. The shape may resemble tumors, and the cap takes on an unusual form. Sometimes, multiple mushrooms grow together, creating an irregular appearance.
(B) Water-soluble mushrooms show clear symptoms, particularly in the stipe. When squeezed, they release water, and mature fruit bodies may exude large amounts of clear or colored liquid before rotting.
(3) **Mushroom Diseases**
1. **Bundled Mushrooms**: A large number of small, nail-like mushrooms develop, unable to grow properly. This is usually due to an environment that promotes excessive bud formation.
2. **Clustered Mushrooms**: This differs from bundled mushrooms, as it involves uneven growth caused by cyclical low temperatures during the bud formation stage.
3. **Fungal Overgrowth**: A thick layer of white hyphae forms on the soil surface, hindering mushroom growth. This is often due to high COâ‚‚ levels, humidity, and temperature. Remedies include adjusting environmental conditions and applying light sterilization followed by re-covering.
4. **Mushroom Death**: Appears later in the harvest cycle, with healthy-looking soil covered in mycelium. This is caused by a water-impermeable mycelial layer that leads to waterlogging. Unlike fungal overgrowth, this is often due to insufficient watering in the early stages, allowing dense mycelium to colonize dry cover soil.
(D) **Difficult Mushrooms**: These often occur when mushrooms grow in deep soil. This can happen if the cover soil is too dry, causing the mushrooms to push deeper into the substrate in search of moisture.
(5) **Pink Pleated Tissue**: On the cap of Rhododendron cinerea, pink or rose-colored, porous structures appear, resembling a honeycomb or slightly warty texture. This is caused by contamination from hydrocarbons or phenols, often due to the use of contaminated casing soil or certain pesticides.
(6) **Browning**: Caused by bacterial scab, this is often the result of high humidity combined with frequent use of pentachlorophenol sodium for sterilization.
(vii) **Scaling**: This is a natural response to air drying or exposure to flue gas from pentachlorophenol sodium used in the mushroom bed.
(h) **Dry Rot Symptoms**: Similar to regular dry rot, but the mushrooms can recover and produce normal fruit bodies. This is usually caused by excessive and prolonged watering, which disrupts the growth cycle.
By understanding these issues, growers can better manage their cultivation environments and improve mushroom quality.
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