(A) Deformed mushrooms typically occur due to temperature fluctuations or unfavorable growing conditions, and can also be influenced by the specific mushroom strain. Common types of malformations include:
1. Hollow Stipe: Mushrooms may appear normal on the bed, but when cut open, the stipe is found to be partially hollow with an annular cavity around a hard core. Over time, the stipe may crack and curl back, reducing both appearance and quality. This is often caused by low humidity during fruiting, leading to rapid moisture loss and dry soil that prevents the fruit body from absorbing enough water.
2. Cracked Stipe: The stipe may develop vertical cracks, sometimes accompanied by horizontal ones, causing the tissue to curl. This usually happens when the covering soil is overly moist, and then dries quickly, causing the stipe to split upon rehydration.
3. Swollen Stipe: Occasionally, the stipe may swell at the base, middle, or top, resulting in an irregular shape.
4. Hard Folds: In some cases, the cap appears pale with shallow or absent gills. If the cap is broken, it tends to be thicker than usual. This condition is commonly seen in open umbrella mushrooms.
5. Ugly Mushrooms: These are malformed fruit bodies with unclear differentiation, often appearing after the first flush in autumn. They may resemble tumors, have odd shapes, or even fuse together, making them unsuitable for sale.
(B) Water-soluble mushrooms show clear symptoms, especially in the stipe. When squeezed, they release water, and mature fruit bodies may exude large amounts of clear or colored liquid before rotting.
(3) Mushroom Diseases
1. Clumped Mushrooms: A large number of small, nailhead-like mushrooms form, which fail to grow properly. This occurs when the environment is too favorable for spore formation.
2. Clustered Mushrooms: This differs from clumping, as the uneven growth is more pronounced. Clustering is linked to cyclic low temperatures during spore development.
3. Mycelium Overgrowth: A thick layer of white hyphae forms on the soil surface, blocking mushroom growth. This happens due to high COâ‚‚ levels, combined with high humidity and temperature. Remedies involve adjusting environmental conditions and lightly sterilizing the area before re-covering.
4. Mushroom Death: Often appears later in the harvest cycle, with healthy mycelium under the casing. It’s caused by a water-impermeable mycelial layer, leading to waterlogged casing. This is the opposite of fungal overgrowth, usually due to insufficient early watering, allowing dense mycelium to colonize dry soil.
(D) Deep-Rooted Mushrooms: Mushrooms often remain covered by soil if they grow in deep layers. This occurs when the soil is too dry, or the mushroom fails to emerge properly.
(5) Pink, porous tissue develops on the cap of Rhododendron cinerea, appearing slightly warty or honeycombed. The color ranges from pink to rose, and is caused by contamination from hydrocarbons, phenols, or certain pesticides used in the cover soil.
(6) Browning is caused by bacterial scab, often due to high humidity and frequent use of pentachlorophenol sodium solution for sterilization.
(vii) Scaling is a natural response to air drying or exposure to flue gas from pentachlorophenol sodium in the mushroom bed.
(h) Dry Rot Symptoms: Similar to dry rot, but the mushrooms can recover and produce normal fruit bodies. This is usually caused by excessive and prolonged watering.
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