In modern agriculture, fertilization plays a crucial role in boosting crop yields, enhancing product quality, improving economic efficiency, and maintaining or even increasing soil fertility. Among various types of fertilizers, organic fertilizers have gained popularity as the preferred choice for producing safe, high-quality, and environmentally friendly food.
One of the key benefits of organic fertilizers is their ability to improve food quality. First, they enhance soil fertility, which is a critical factor in determining the environmental quality of soil used for green food production. By applying organic fertilizers, farmers can maintain and boost soil fertility, making it more porous and nutrient-rich. This promotes healthier plant growth, stronger resistance to drought, cold, lodging, and pests, ultimately leading to better yield and quality.
Second, organic fertilizers help reduce soil pollution. They can neutralize or chelate heavy metals and adsorb organic pollutants, minimizing their harmful effects on crops and food safety.
Additionally, organic fertilizers provide essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, amino acids, and nucleic acids. These components significantly increase the levels of protein, sugar, vitamins, and aromatic compounds in food, improving taste, texture, and storage life. Unlike chemical fertilizers, this nutritional impact cannot be easily replicated, making organic fertilizers irreplaceable in sustainable farming.
In China’s modern agricultural systems, using over 75,000 kg of organic fertilizer per hectare annually has proven effective in improving both quality and yield. Combining organic and chemical fertilizers is the best approach to achieve optimal results. Methods like composting farmyard manure, planting green manure crops, and returning crop residues to the soil are widely practiced to enrich the soil naturally.
However, it's important to note that not all organic fertilizers are safe. Untreated organic waste may contain harmful pathogens, heavy metals, and other contaminants. For example, studies have shown that vegetables like cauliflower, cucumber, and eggplant are often contaminated with E. coli, while root vegetables like potatoes and radishes may carry parasite eggs. Therefore, proper detoxification is essential before using organic fertilizers.
To ensure safety in green food production, the source of organic fertilizers must be carefully controlled, and any potentially contaminated materials should be banned. High-temperature composting at 50–55°C for 18 days is an effective method to eliminate harmful bacteria, fly larvae, and other pathogens. This process reduces coliform counts to acceptable levels and ensures the fertilizer meets safety standards.
The development of commercial organic fertilizers is a growing trend in the industry. These products meet market demands, offer consistent quality, and are ideal for use in green food production. There are three main types of commercial organic fertilizers: (1) Municipal waste compost, commonly used in urban areas to manage waste and generate valuable fertilizer; (2) Active organic fertilizers made from animal manure and agricultural by-products through microbial fermentation; and (3) Specialized organic fertilizers rich in humic acid and amino acids, which can be applied as liquid foliar sprays to promote plant growth.
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