In modern agriculture, fertilization is a key practice used to boost crop yields, enhance product quality, improve economic returns, and maintain or even increase soil fertility. Among various types of fertilizers, organic fertilizers have gained popularity as the preferred choice for producing safe, high-quality, and environmentally friendly food.
Organic fertilizers play a crucial role in improving the quality of agricultural products. First and foremost, they help enhance soil fertility. Soil fertility is a vital component of the environmental standards for green food production. Applying organic fertilizers is one of the most effective ways to sustain and improve soil health. These fertilizers help loosen the soil, enrich it with nutrients, and promote stronger plant growth, making crops more resilient to drought, cold, pests, and diseases. This results in better yield and superior quality.
Another important benefit is the reduction of soil pollution. Organic matter in these fertilizers can neutralize or chelate heavy metals, absorb organic pollutants, and thus reduce their harmful impact on crops and the environment.
Additionally, organic fertilizers contribute significantly to the nutritional value of food. They contain organic nitrogen, phosphorus, amino acids, and nucleic acids that enhance the levels of proteins, sugars, vitamins, and aromatic compounds in crops. This improves the flavor, appearance, and storage life of the produce, something that chemical fertilizers cannot fully replicate.
In China’s modern high-yield and high-quality agriculture, applying over 75,000 kg of organic fertilizer per hectare (equivalent to 15,000 mu) annually has proven effective in improving food quality. Combining organic and chemical fertilizers is essential to achieve both high yield and premium quality. Methods such as composting farmyard manure, planting green manure crops, and returning crop residues to the soil are widely used to increase organic content in the soil.
However, it's important to note that unprocessed organic fertilizers can pose serious risks. If not properly treated, they may lead to contamination of food, which can be more difficult to control than chemical pollutants. Heavy metals and organic contaminants often come from sources like batteries, electronic waste, paints, and pesticides. Organic waste, including human and animal excreta, may also carry pathogens that can persist in the soil for long periods. For example, studies show that vegetables like cauliflower, cucumber, lentils, and eggplant are often contaminated with *E. coli*, while potatoes, sorghum, bamboo shoots, radishes, onions, and cabbage are frequently infected with parasite eggs.
To ensure safety in green food production, organic fertilizers must be processed to eliminate harmful substances. First, the source of the organic material should be carefully controlled, and any potentially contaminated materials—especially those with heavy chemical residues—should be banned. Second, high-temperature composting is necessary. The compost should be maintained at 50°C to 55°C for at least 18 days to reduce coliform bacteria to a level of 10â»Â¹, kill all fly larvae, and eliminate other pests completely, meeting the standard for harmless organic fertilizer.
The development and use of commercial organic fertilizers represent a promising direction for the future. These products meet market demands, offer consistent quality, and can serve as a primary fertilizer in green food production.
Currently, there are three main types of commercial organic fertilizers: (1) Municipal waste compost, commonly found in large cities, which helps manage urban waste and provides significant environmental and economic benefits. (2) Active organic fertilizers made from livestock manure and by-products of agricultural processing, using microbial fermentation to create high-quality, safe, and nutrient-rich fertilizers. (3) Special organic fertilizers rich in humic acid and amino acids, which also contain plant growth regulators and can be formulated into liquid fertilizers for foliar application.
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