Corn is a high-yield crop that requires significant amounts of nutrients to thrive. It has a strong ability to absorb water and is highly dependent on proper fertilization for optimal production. Balanced fertilization technology plays a crucial role in boosting maize yields. On average, for every 2.2 kg of corn produced, the plant absorbs about 200 kg of nutrients from the soil, with an average of 2.57 kg of nitrogen, 1-1.5 kg of phosphorus (Pâ‚‚Oâ‚…), and 1.52-4.00 kg of potassium (Kâ‚‚O), averaging around 2.14 kg. The higher the yield, the more nutrients the plant needs.
First, understanding the nutrient requirements and fertilization principles of corn is essential. Corn is particularly sensitive to nitrogen fertilizer. When farmyard manure and phosphate are already applied, adding urea at a rate of 3-10 kg per acre can significantly increase corn yield, with each kilogram of urea potentially boosting production by 6-11 kg. While phosphorus needs are relatively low, it's still vital—deficiency during the three-leaf stage can lead to poor growth and barren stalks. Corn also benefits greatly from zinc application, which can enhance yield by up to 15%. The general principle of fertilizing corn involves using organic fertilizer as a base, supplementing with nitrogen, applying phosphate, increasing potassium, and adding micronutrients like zinc. Farmyard manure and phosphate, potassium, and trace elements are typically used as base fertilizers, while nitrogen is mostly applied as a top-dressing. For spring corn, top-dressing should be light at first and then increased, while for summer corn, the same approach applies but with adjustments based on growing conditions.
Second, determining the correct amount of fertilizer depends on soil fertility and expected yield. In medium-fertility fields, it’s recommended to apply 5 kg of nitrogen, 2 kg of phosphorus, and 3 kg of potassium per 100 kg of corn. This calculation is straightforward: multiply the expected grain increase by the required fertilizer per 100 kg. However, actual application may vary depending on local conditions. A typical reference for a mu (about 667 square meters) of corn includes 1500 kg of farmyard manure, 9-11 kg of nitrogen, 4-5 kg of phosphorus, 5-6 kg of potassium, and 1 kg of zinc fertilizer.
Third, the method of applying fertilizer varies depending on the type of corn and planting conditions. For spring corn, the base fertilizer should include phosphorus, potassium, and zinc, along with 2-3 kg of urea, mixed into the planting hole. The remaining nitrogen is reserved for top-dressing. In mountainous areas where mulching film is used, the base fertilizer should include 70% of the nitrogen, along with phosphorus, potassium, and zinc. The process involves digging a deep furrow between two rows, placing nitrogen at the bottom, mixing other nutrients with farmyard manure, and covering it with soil. For seed fertilization, uncoated seeds can be treated by soaking them in a solution containing zinc fertilizer for 1-2 hours before sowing. Some farmers also use animal manure mixed with urea to improve early growth.
Top-dressing strategies differ based on the season and variety. For spring corn, the first top-dressing occurs at the 6-7 leaf stage, using one-third of the total nitrogen, followed by another at the 10-11 leaf stage. For summer corn, especially in busy agricultural periods, the jointing fertilizer should account for two-thirds of the total nitrogen, with the remainder applied later. Transplanting corn requires careful timing—applying 10 kg of urea or equivalent nitrogen fertilizer mixed with human excrement when transplanting, and again applying 15 kg of urea during the trumpet stage. For plastic-mulched corn, since the base fertilizer lasts longer, only 30% of the nitrogen is applied at the bell mouth stage, using a hole method between plants to ensure even distribution.
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