Efficient Cultivation Techniques for Early Mature Pear in South China

Precocious pears generally mature at 7 points in southern China, and are listed one month earlier than the north under the same conditions, which has great market potential. However, because of the high temperature and high humidity climate in this area, early-maturing pears have more pests and diseases during planting and cultivation, which limits the planting density and affects the economic benefits in the earlier period. In order to explore the efficient cultivation techniques of southern early pear, provide technical basis for the early end of high yield and high efficiency cultivation. We started from the aspects of variety selection, plastic pruning, and fertilizer management. After 5 years of efforts, we found out that a set of early-stage pears can be cultivated in a 2m1m high-yielding pear orchard. In the season of high yield, the output is more than 2100kg per 667 square meters, and the yield is more than 4400kg per 667 square meters in the 5th year. The quality is excellent, the pests and diseases are few, and the economic benefits are high. Now the technology is summarized as follows.

I. Variety selection

Due to the climate characteristics of high temperature, high humidity, and low sunshine in southern China, when selecting early-maturing pear varieties, varieties with strong disease resistance, moderate growth, and high sugar content should be selected. Such as round yellow, by Ganshui, Zhongli No. 1, Cuiguan, Xizi green, blue and white, Xueqing, Fengshui and other species is appropriate.

Second, the establishment of orchards

1, garden selection

The sandy loam with a pH of 6-7 is selected, and a plot with a tillage depth of 50 cm or more is appropriate. If it is less than 50 cm, it should be improved by digging the trench or deepen the cavern, and the south slope should be suitable for the slope or mountain. In coastal areas and mountain areas, proper shelter or windbreaks should be taken care of.

2, planting seedlings

The pollination tree has excellent quality and is compatible with the maturity of the main cultivars, has a strong affinity, and pollen varieties with more pollen (for example, garden yellow, Fengshui, Cuiguan, Ganshui, etc. can be used as the main cultivars. It is a good pollination variety), the ratio is 1:2-8.

Planting period and method The best time for planting pears is from September to November in the autumn, but all plants can be planted from September to February. In order to increase the efficiency of the previous period, the best density is 2 meters and 1 meter, and it is best to apply the base fertilizer one month ahead of planting in the planting hole (basic fertilizer is best to use decomposed organic fertilizer or Daipen Wang Tian Fei, plus appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer. Base fertilizer and planting hole soil mix and then cover a layer of fine mud Guyi, should use a height of 1 meter above the roots of a complete strong seedling colonization, planting seedlings when the polar system will be straightened, and then layered into the fine mud, to the root play Department It is advisable to make the roots and necks about 10 centimeters higher than the surrounding ground (so that the seedlings are planted on a small pile of earth.) Then build a small soil around the seedlings and pour the root water, watering each plant, each plant About 20 kilograms of water, and finally covered with a layer of fine soil, and cover the tree with weeds or mulch.

Third, shaping pruning

1, the entire table

The shape of the hedgerow is easy to reshape, the yield is high, and the ventilation and light transmission are good.

Oblique-type inverted-shaped, the tree is easy to shape, fast forming, good ventilation and light transmission, good fruit quality and high yield.

2, pruning

Pears have strong branches and weak branching force. Most of the results are based on short fruit branches. When pruning, attention should be paid to the following points: First, the results of the branches and groups should be cultivated so that the results of the branches and branches can be reasonably distributed. At the same time, attention should be paid to updating and alternating results. The second is the pruning of auxiliary branches, due to the weak branching of pears, it is advisable to leave more auxiliary branches on the gaps of the main branch to enhance the tree vigor. When the growth of main branches is affected, they should be removed. The third is to prevent the outward movement of the resulting parts. When pruning, it should be done thin and dense, and the outer part should be thin and dense. For the main branch and extension branch, appropriate retraction in the late to maintain a 50-80 cm air-permeable zone between the lines, the lines can be appropriately crossed.

IV. Soil and Fertilizer Water Management

1, fertilization

Young tree fertilization (1-2 year old tree). The fertilization of saplings should be based on the principle of thin application. In the first year, nitrogen and phosphorus are mainly used to increase the amount of growth of branches and leaves. Generally after the planting, the buds are grown to 3-5 cm and the first fertilizer is applied. The appropriate amounts of urea and phosphate fertilizer are applied to clean water and feces (10 g urea, superphosphate 20 grams of calcium, 1:10 of clean water feces 2-5 kg). By the end of June, fertilize 1-2 times a month and supplement with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. The amount of fertilizer will gradually increase; no fertilizer will be applied at the end of July-September to promote flower growth. Appropriately increase the dosage (strain urea 10 grams, superphosphate 50 grams, 10 kilograms of human and animal waste water). Combined with a reasonable reshaping, all plants can flower test fruit in the second year and have a certain yield. In the middle of February and in mid-May, potassium fertilizer is applied.

Adult tree fertilization (starting in the 3rd year). Every year in late February, mid-May, and early August, 3 times can be applied. The application of 1 kg of urea, 1.5 kg of superphosphate, 0.8 kg of potassium carbonate, and 1.50 kg of organic fertilizer (manure) can be applied for every 100 kg of fruit produced.

Foliar fertilization. Can be combined with each spraying when the foliar fertilizer can be added 0.2% urea and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, spraying 0.1% borax and so on.

2, soil management

Pear trees are more tolerant to moisture, but when the groundwater table is too high, the tree vigor is weakened by inhibiting root growth. Therefore, the gutters should be drained during the rainy season. In particular, orchards should pay attention to drainage. The soil with a shallow soil layer should be expanded with deep holes, combined with the application of organic fertilizer such as crop straws and compost. The fertilization is generally carried out in May-June and August-September. Winter cultivating orchards in orchards. Green or legumes are planted between rows of orchards, and weeds and crop stalks cover tree trays from May to June (pressing them into the soil in the autumn to deepen the caverns) to maintain soil moisture and improve drought resistance. Pear is a tree species with poor physiological drought tolerance, and the transpiration of leaves is strong, so it requires more water. Especially in July-August, the maximum amount of water is needed. If the drought should be properly watered.

V. Flower and Fruit Management

1, Baohuabaoguo

Although manual pollination is laborious, it is effective.

Flowering orchard bee, spray 0.3% urea plus 0.2% borax, 15mg/L naphthalene acetic acid or "cloud big-120" 4000 times liquid.

After flowering, 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate was added plus 0.2% urea solution or 10 mg/L 2.4-D, and 30 mg/L GA3.

2, thinning and fruit thinning

Sparse flowers should be sparsely flowered to increase the quality of the flowers and thus increase the fruit setting rate. Sparse flowering time is appropriate for flowering out to evening flowers in the evening. The amount of sparse flower is determined by tree vigor, variety, fertilizer, and pollination conditions. Wangshuwang sparsely stays sparsely and stays longer. Weak and weak branches of sparse trees are sparsely sparse and sparsely inflorescences. Sparse dense and weak inflorescences are sparse, sparse cloud centers are preserved, and marginal flowers are preserved.

Fruit thinning and fruit thinning can increase single fruit weight and improve fruit quality. Generally, it should be carried out after early fruit drop peaks (about two weeks behind). Leave 1-2 fruit for each inflorescence. First, dredge cloud pests and fruit, abnormal fruit shape, retain the fruit shape is correct, with a good bearing position, every 667 square meters of output control in 2000 kg or so can produce high quality and large fruit.

3, fruit bagging

According to the fruit size, it is better to use homemade double-layer or single-layer paper bags. Before the fruit spot in the middle or late April, a broad-spectrum fungicide and insecticide was sprayed on the fruit surface and then bagged in time. The double-layer paper bag disassembles the outer paper bag a month before fruit harvest to facilitate fruit sensation. Single-layer paper bags, open the outer paper bag a month before fruit harvesting, in order to facilitate fruit sensitization. Single-layer paper bag, take bag when picking fruit.

4, fruit harvest

When the color, flavor and flavor of the mature variety are up to the best standard of the variety, the harvesting is appropriate. The harvesting is inconsistent and can be harvested in batches. The harvesting should be carried out gently, and the different varieties should be dressed separately and the stems should be preserved. To facilitate storage. The fruits of long-distance transportation should be properly harvested.

Sixth, pest control

Clear branches in winter to remove cracks, cracks, and spots. Combine winter pruning, cut off diseased branches, insect branches, and spray Baume 3-5 degrees lime sulfur mixture to clean the garden.

Sprouting flake spread loosely (after bud expansion) When spraying a mixture of broad-spectrum insecticide and broad-spectrum fungicide, can effectively prevent a variety of diseases and insect pests, can use 50% more mildew 1000 times liquid plus 20 % of chrysanthemum 3000 times solution.

During May-July, the prevention and treatment of pests such as heartworms and pear stem bees should be carried out in conjunction with the control of pear scab, black spot, rust, and powdery mildew, which can reduce the number of sprays.

The long-term effective pesticides with good long-term effect and the combination of biological agricultural prevention and control are selected.

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