China is a big pig country, and the live pig population, slaughter and pork production rank first in the world. According to reports, China's pork production in 2005 was 50.09 million tons, which accounted for 48.86% of the world's pork production, 48.81 million live pigs, accounting for 50.90% of the world's live pig population (960.30 million), and the number of slaughter pigs was 65.65 million. It accounts for 49.82% of the world (1.3793 million heads). According to statistics, in 2005 there were about 48 million sows in China, of which about 1 million were basic sows capable of producing excellent breeding pigs, providing over 6 million breeding pigs. As the country with the largest number of live pigs and pork production in the world, China has done a great deal of work in the breeding system of its own breeder breeding pigs. Although remarkable achievements have been made in the construction of the breeding system, there are still certain gaps compared with the developed countries in the West, such as the United States, Britain, France, and Denmark. The breeder breeder breeding system organically combines breeding of pure breeder cultivars, breeding of improved varieties, utilization of heterosis, and efficient production of commercial pigs, laying the foundation for realizing the market value of terminal products—commodity pigs. A healthy and sustainable breeding system for breeding pigs is the basic guarantee for the sustainable development of the pig industry.
After years of development, the Beijing Pig Breeding and Breeding Center has established a complete four-grade breeder breeder breeding system. The breeding system for the fourth-class breeders is composed of the original breeding farm (core group), the breeding farm (breeding group), the commodity farm (production group) and the terminal commodity pig farm. The whole breeding system focuses on the original breeding farm (core group). . The overall goal of the four-level breeding system is the same, which is to provide customers with high-quality, safe, green pork, but their respective nature is different, different production tasks, from top to bottom, arranged in a pyramid shape, the direction of the excellent gene flow from the top of the pyramid Pointing to the bottom, it cannot be reversed, and the quality of the end product pig is the best basis for testing the entire breeding system.
The primary plant (core group) is in the pyramid culmination of the breeding system of breeding pigs. The main task is to do a good variety planning and breeding program, according to the breeding program for pure breeding, conduct breeding performance determination, in order to obtain the greatest genetic progress . Outstanding offspring from the original breeding farm can either update the core group breeding pigs or provide backyard sows and sows for breeding groups.
SPF Breeding Breeding Center The Beijing SPF Breeding Management Center belonging to the Beijing Pig Breeding Center is currently the only breeding pig company specializing in the development and research of SPF pig systems. After years of research and development, it has established SPF pig laboratory monitoring, piglet acquisition, and isolation. The complete SPF swine application technology system, including foster care, performance measurement, SPF swine core group selection and breeding, and related supporting technical standards.
1. Breeding of SPF breeder core groups
The group of excellent individuals directly participating in breeding and determination is called a nucleus group. The core group is to provide backup breeding pigs for the entire breeder breeding farm. The quality of the core group relates to the overall production performance of the entire farm and the long-term development strategy of the breeding farm. The ultimate goal of breeding is to focus on the production group rather than the core group (Merks, 1989; Fewson, 1994), but only working closely on the breeding of the core group will increase the production performance of our ultimate target production group.
(1) Number of core group-building core groups: Some studies have shown that the number of core groups accounts for about 30% of the total basic sow population. The basic criteria for the selection of breeding pigs in the core group are as follows: Breeding of boars requires obvious breed characteristics, excellent limb and foot structure, full back muscles, normal development of the reproductive system, good abdomen, good sexual desire, and determination based on assessment data and on-site observations. . The final access to the core group of boars must be determined through the performance of the breeding pigs, select the best genetic boar into the boar station, to accelerate the overall genetic progression of the herd. The selection of sows for sow selection requires obvious characteristics, excellent limb and foot structure, normal development of the reproductive system, and a sufficient number of teats, arranged neatly and well-developed, and determined according to the assessment data and on-site observations. Core sows: The litter traits of sows in the whole breeding ground should be analyzed. After statistical analysis, only those breeders whose litter size is more than one times the standard deviation of the overall average population have the opportunity to enter the nucleus. Regardless of species of boar or sow, they must be selected within the same ancestry to select the best ones. In particular, breeding boars must be determined before selection.
(2) The management of the replacement core group of the core group should be a dynamic and balanced system. This system must be both dynamic and stable. After a period of time, the genetic assessment software is used to conduct a systematic assessment of the entire herd and the breeding pigs are evaluated according to the selected index. Based on the actual performance in production, it is determined which breeds should enter the core group and which breeds should leave. The core group keeps the overall performance of the entire core group at a high level, which can lay a solid foundation for the selection of reserve breeding pigs.
2. Breeding performance test station
Beijing Pork Breeding Center Pig Breeding Performance Test Station has 64 sets of ACEMA48 automatic measuring systems imported from France. It is the largest pig performance testing station in the country, and bears the task of determining the core group of reserved boars and supporting terminal pigs, in order to accelerate the breeding of pigs. Genetics lay the foundation.
3.SPF boar station
The SPF boar station is the largest boar station in the northern part of the Ministry of Agriculture. It is an excellent boar gene bank and sperm bank of the breed breeding system for breeding pigs at the Beijing Pig Breeding Center. Through the artificial insemination technology, the boar's excellent genes can be rapidly Rapid spread to populations, propagation groups, and commodity groups accelerates the genetic progression of populations and reduces the spread of diseases caused by frequent introductions.
The Beijing Pig Breeding and Breeding Center has formed the three-in-one breeding system of the original seed core group of “SPF Breeding Breeding Field—Plant Performance Testing Station—SPF Stud Stationâ€, which has promoted the construction of breeding breeder breeding system. From the core group, select healthy bovine boars with superior performance to determine the performance of the pig performance measurement station, and apply the GPS software-BLUP method for genetic evaluation to make full use of the individual's own parents, compatriots, and other information to improve the estimation. The accuracy of the breeding value, then the selection index, and finally the superior performance of 1% to 5% of the boars were added to the SPF boar based on the body appearance score and selection index, and the excellent genes were grouped by artificial insemination. Within the rapid spread, improve the excellent gene frequency and genotype frequency of the entire population and accelerate the genetic progress of the population.
The multiplication field (breeding group) multiplication field is located in the middle layer of the pyramid structure of the breeding system. It has the role of linking up with the past and is the link connecting the original species and commodity fields. The main task of expanding the farm is to expand the breeding of purebred sows and the production of hybrid male and female sows. The target directions of hybrid male and female sows produced in the expansion field are different: The main objectives of boar production performance are fast growth rate, high lean meat percentage and high feed conversion rate; the main objective of sow production performance is good reproductive performance, Adaptability and disease resistance. The replacement pigs of the breeding group must come from the core group and are not allowed to accept the pigs in the market.
The Commodity Farm (Production Group) commodity farm is located at the bottom of the pyramid structure of the breeding system. Its main function is to organize parental hybrids and produce hybrid pigs according to the requirements of crossbreeding programs. The main task of the commodity farm is to increase the production efficiency of the herd and provide excellent product pigs to the measurement station for measurement to check the achievement of breeding programs, breeding objectives, etc.; in accordance with the unified breeding program, the use of core groups and multiplication facilities is provided The male parent of the terminal, or the boar standing boar semen.
Terminal Goods Pig Farm Terminal Goods The pig farm only feeds commercial pigs. It is the final result and product of the entire breeding system. It is ultimately subject to market and consumer assessments, and it is also a reflection of the final value of the entire breeding system for pigs. The Beijing Pig Breeding Center Terminal Commodity Pig Farm is located in Chengde City, Hebei Province, and takes the "company + farmer" industrialization development model. Gratifying results have been achieved so far.
The Beijing Pig Breeding and Breeding Center has established a well-established four-stage breeding system for breeding pigs. It is a large-scale breeder pig company that integrates pig production, scientific research, breeding, sales, and training services. It has been exploring in practice the breeding pigs that meet China's national conditions and the development conditions of the company. The four-level breeding system has certain reference significance for the peers and the pig industry.
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