With the improvement of the people’s living standards and the rapid growth of the pig industry for more than a decade, the development of pig production in China has basically ended the stage of development relying on quantitative expansion and entered the development stage of improving quality. In order to improve product quality and increase market competitiveness, in recent years, especially large-scale pig farms (households) have made great strides in the development of improved varieties, full-price compound feed, and feeding techniques, which have significantly improved the scientific level of pig raising. However, in real production, there are indeed many problems. Directly affect the production efficiency. This article only summarizes the production of three-way hybrid lean pigs, with a view to provide reference for the majority of pig farms (households) to develop their own businesses in the direction of science and profitability. First, the concept of lean-type pigs The pigs are the most powerful livestock in terms of fat accumulation. Lard was once the favorite food for people and the main pursuit food. The so-called lean pigs do not mean that the pigs are long and lean but not fat, but only after the slaughter they have a higher lean body weight. The lean meat percentage of the original local pig breeds in China is generally not more than 45%; in foreign lean breed pig breeds, the lean lean species rate can reach more than 60%. Lean meat is a major source of animal protein in people's foods and is increasingly valued. Therefore, the development of lean-type pig production can obtain higher economic benefits, and is the main direction for current and future commercial pig production. In cities above the middle level and in the coastal areas, meat is sold separately, and the price of lean meat has exceeded twice the fat. Lean pigs with more than 60% of high lean meat are popular in the above areas and can sell for a good price. The original "three-ization" pig raising, which uses the local pig as a female parent for the production of a binary hybrid pig, is simple and has a low lean meat ratio. It has lost its market competitiveness and is not only unable to sell for a good price but also has poor sales. China's pig production has been shifted from specializing in pig raising for farms or pigs that have been handed over to specialization, and has gradually become an independent professional department. Production is market-oriented, and the market determines production. In order to increase the efficiency of pig raising, pork quality must be improved. At present, carcass lean meat ratio is the most important indicator to measure the quality of pork. It can be said that the development of lean hog production at the present stage in China is the common desire of producers of consumers. Healthy production lean hog production requires complete supporting technology. Second, select the appropriate parent varieties and cross combinations 1. The choice of the parent species lean-type pigs produce more lean meat. A lean-type pig with a weight of 90 kilograms can produce 5-10 kilograms of lean meat more than a normal pig of the same weight, and the lean-type pigs grow faster and have higher feed rewards. All pigs of the lean type have been formed through long-term selection and cultivation. Due to different methods and conditions in the breeding process of each variety, the characteristics of the varieties are formed, and different performances are exhibited under different feeding and management conditions. Variety is the basis of high quality and high yield. In order to make full use of its high yield potential, it is necessary to provide breeding and management conditions that are suitable for the characteristics of the variety. In the development of lean hog production, all localities must incorporate the local socio-economic conditions and, through introduction and observation, promote cultivars that have high lean percentages and can adapt to local feeding and management conditions. In foreign pig production, there are fewer and fewer breeds, and four or five so-called standardized breeds account for more than 80% of the total number of breeders. The main lean pig breeds in foreign countries are present in China. Due to the vast geographical area in China, environmental conditions vary greatly from place to place, and the degree of selection after the introduction of various farms is not the same. There are also some field players who only use unchecked elections, resulting in the same variety, from different fields, and their performance performance is very different. In the development of lean hog production in various regions, in order to ensure the introduction of pure breeds with excellent performance, breeding pigs. Be sure to buy breeding pigs from regular breeding farms. Under normal circumstances, the more pure the parent, the higher the performance, and the more heterozygous heterotic advantage exhibited by its hybrid offspring, the higher the performance. In order to help people correctly select and use lean-type pigs, the main advantages and disadvantages of the commonly-used breeds are summarized as follows: Characteristics of the lean-type breeds Pigs: Advantages Disadvantages Hybridization Landrace Pigs have good reproductive performance. High lean meat yields delicate limbs and limbs disease. More; higher feed requirements First male parent or female parent White pig has good reproductive performance; high lean meat percentage, good flesh quality; good adaptability; hooves are not strong; female parent or first male Duroc physique is strong; Poor performance. Short body. 2. At present, why advocate the three-way hybrid lean pig production pigs as economic animals, many economic traits have obvious heterosis. Pigs in developed countries in the world, in the production of commercial pigs, hybrids account for more than 90%. In the late 1970s, our country proposed that “sows should be improved locally, and boar exotics should be cross-fertilized by generationsâ€. "Sanhua" not only played an important role in raising China's scientific pig raising level, but also played an important role in the preservation and utilization of China's abundant local pig breed resources. The mating of male and female sows of different breeds (strains) is called crossbreeding, and the offspring are called hybrids. Many performances of hybrids often exceed the average of the same trait in the parental parent, and the excess is called heterosis. In pig production, in order to increase economic efficiency, there is a planned crossbreeding that can exploit heterosis to effectively tap the genetic potential of pigs and quickly and efficiently increase the production of commercial pigs. Therefore, this kind of hybridization is also called economical hybridization, productive hybridization or profit hybridization. The above mentioned "three-ization" pig raising is the simplest economic hybrid between the two varieties (also known as binary). Binary economy is a hybrid, the method is simple, and the heterosis of offspring is obvious. However, because both parents are purebred, they have no heterosis in themselves, and the heterosis in reproductive performance has not been exerted. In the production of commercial lean pigs, since the sows are purebreds in the local market, the lean meat percentage of the hybrid pigs is generally only 48% to 50%, which cannot meet the needs of consumers. In order to overcome the inadequacy of the crossbreeding of the two varieties, to make full use of the heterosis and to increase the carcass leanness of commercial pigs, it is necessary to systematically promote the three-way crossbreeding so as to improve the production level of domestic pigs in the production of thin pigs and better meet the market's demand for commodities. The need for lean pigs. 3. The main form of the three-way hybrid lean hog production and its evaluation are the so-called three-way crossbreeding, which means that there are three varieties of the hybrid hog's parent. These three varieties have undergone secondary hybridization, and they are followed by three-way hybrid offspring. Of the two species that participated in the first mating, the species to which the sows belonged was the offspring and the breed to which the boar belongs was the first male parent. Obviously, the offspring of the first mating is a hybrid (f1). F1 females were selected for breeding, then mated with the third breed of boars. All the offspring were fat-filled and were three-way hybrids. Participation in the second assignment of the boar belongs to the second male parent. For the second male parent, the three-way hybrid hog is still a hybrid. It can be seen from the process of the production of the three-way hybrid hog that in the parental generation, the father is purebred and the mother is a hybrid; the two parents of the grandfather are purebred. Compared with the binary crossbreeding, the hybrid has a high degree of hybridization, has a richer genetic basis, exhibits a higher heterosis, and can generally increase by 2-5% on the basis of binary hybridization. In the parental generation, the female parent is a hybrid of the first generation, especially in terms of reproductive performance, such as the number of litters, the lactation force, etc., which have significant heterosis and are not found in the maternal parent of the binary cross. However, compared with the binary crossbreeding, it is necessary to maintain three pure breeds and retain one generation of hybrid sows. The hybrid breeding system is more complicated. However, compared with more parental multi-hybrids, the three-way hybrids need to establish the best breeding system, which is relatively easy to implement relative to the organization; and in the performance of commercial pig heterosis, three-way hybridization and other multiple Hybrids are equivalent. Therefore, the development of China's commercial lean hog production should be dominated by three-way hybrids. In recent years, China has introduced some supporting systems. Although its production performance may be higher, due to the complexity of the breeding system, it is still difficult to promote in the production of pigs in the society, and it is not appropriate to introduce a single parent or a parental generation from all over the country. In the development of China's ternary hybrid lean hog production, due to the difference in parental varieties, mainly the maternal varieties are different. Although there are many specific combinations, there are two major types, namely the internal ternary and the external ternary. We speak of ternary, that is, the mother of the three parents is a local good breed, and the commercial pig is Yang Yangben. The foreign parents of the three yuan are all foreign lean meat breeds and the commercial pigs are oceans. 4. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Two Three-way Hybrids (1) The female parent in the three-way internal three-way hybrid is a local elite seed. China's local breeder pigs generally have good reproductive performance, with far more litters and better motherhood. The same with Sanyuan to give full play to the characteristics of China's local pig breeds with good performance, and local varieties to adapt to the local natural socio-economic conditions, including its hybrid offspring is relatively easy to raise, easy to promote. However, as people's demands for meat quality continue to increase, the lean meat of the three-way hybrid lean pigs in the ocean generally exceeds 56%, which is no longer sufficient to meet market requirements and is not competitive. The common ternary hybridization method uses landraces or Yorkshire pigs as the first male parent, mating with local sows, and Durogk as the second male parent, and mating with a generation of hybrid sows for the second time. Pigs in China are colored hairs, and Duroc (red feathers) is the second parent. Commercial pigs are more complex in color. Although coat color has no direct economic value, it is a sign of this product and often affects people's psychology. In order to overcome the messy color of merchandise, some places use the hybrid form of big long book or grow-up book; or it is all right to replace the first and second father book in the location of hybrid Chinese herbal medicine. (2) The foreign parents of the three yuan are all hybrids of exotic lean species and are known as foreign ternaries. In foreign countries, Changbai and Great White have good reproductive performance. They are usually used for the first round of crossbreeding and can be used as parents. The duo or Hampshire are the second male parents, producing Du (Han) grew up or Du (Han) ) Large, three-way hybrids, lean pigs. The production of foreign ternary hybrid lean pigs in China should also be based on this hybrid form. The foreign ternary commercial pigs have a fast growth rate, high feed rewards, and a carcass lean percentage of more than 60%. They have good market competitiveness and can sell at a good price. However, because the three parents are highly cultivated varieties abroad, they require higher feeding and management conditions. Under low nutrient levels, their high yield performance is difficult to fully exert. In order to obtain good breeding results and benefits, in the promotion of the production of three-way hybrid lean pigs, all localities should select the hybrid form suitable for their own production conditions according to the actual situation. In feed resources, especially in areas where there is insufficient protein feed, farmers are scattered and the fat pigs are sold on the spot. Promotion of internal three-way hybrids can provide better feeding effects. In areas where there are abundant feed resources and suburban areas, especially pig farms where the commodity pigs are mainly sold to coastal areas and large cities, they should be mainly based on three yuan in order to win a good price and achieve good economic returns. Third, smooth promotion of the main links of the three yuan hybridization Parents are selected to purify the hybrids from pure breeds. The more pure the parents are, the higher their performance is, and the better their hybrids are, the better. According to the role of the parental variety in the crossbreeding, there should be differences in the selection requirements for the female and male parent varieties. The choice of mother breeds focuses on reproduction performance and adaptability. The father's choice should emphasize fast growth, high feed returns, and good carcass quality. 2. Even if the screening is the best hybrid combination, even if they are all lean and cultivar types, the hybridization effect between different varieties (strains) is also very different. To choose the best combination of cross-promotion promotion. Therefore, the determination of combining ability, that is, the hybridization combination test, was decided prior to the promotion of the hybrid combination. Due to various reasons, it is not possible to do a lot of cross-comparison trials at one time. According to relevant theories, reference can be made to existing data to conduct actual social surveys and to make comprehensive scientific projections. The hybrid combination test must take into account the actual local feeding level in order to enhance the practical application value. 3. Sound sound breeding system The sound breeding system is a reliable guarantee for the development of the ternary hybrid lean hog production. The breeding of the three-way hybrid lean hog production consists of commercial generation, parental generation, ancestral generation, and great ancestors. Different types of farms are composed of different fields and different roles. Commercial farms are committed to providing high-quality, lean, triple, and non-crossbred pigs to the society. Parents are dedicated to the production of three-way hybrid piglets for fattening on the farm's behalf. The ancestral homes are double-bred to supplement the parents' field. Update the required generation of hybrid gilts. The ancestors of the great ancestors were the pagoda in this breeding system. Its role was to ensure the continuous supply of high-quality pure-bred parents to the ancestors and parents (the father). The thoroughbred is the fundamental of high quality and high yield. The breed breeding system is a strict seed production project. The smooth implementation of the seed production project requires unified planning, close cooperation, close cooperation, and clear division of labor. Otherwise, random hybridization, the quality of breeding pigs is not guaranteed, it is impossible to obtain the best hybridization effect. Both theory and practice have shown that heterosis only appears to be most pronounced in a generation of hybrids. Therefore, the establishment of a sound four-grade breeding system in order to ensure the best efficiency of the production of three-way hybrid lean pigs. In this breeder breeding system, the government and business departments below the county (city) should endeavor to organize the expansion of the required parents and the production of a hybrid and sow. The production of a hybrid sow is done well. Hybrid products have a guarantee for lean pigs. A large number of hybrid sows are in need of large quantities and should be distributed in small scale to facilitate the masses. However, to strengthen the management, the operating license system for breeding pigs should also be implemented to ensure quality. The ancestors of the great ancestors covered a large area and had a great influence. Therefore, they must be relatively concentrated in the regions under the unified planning of the province. The great ancestors must maintain a large herd size and have strong technical strength. 4. Improve Feeding Management, Improve Nutrition Level Pigs are omnivores and can use a variety of feeds. What the pig needs is not the feed itself, but the nutrients it takes from the feed it eats. According to research, there are more than 30 kinds of nutrients required by pigs. According to the nutritious substances needed, lean pigs are no different from other types of pigs; but in breeding practice, it is impossible to feed lean pigs. It is exactly the same as raising a normal pig. First, lean-type pigs, especially three-way hybrid lean pigs, have high daily gains and fast growth. Therefore, more nutrients are needed. When any nutrient is not satisfied, high potential for production can not be fully realized. In my cross-breeding experiment with the Qiannan flower pigs, under the standard conditions, the triadic hybrids gained 667.14 grams per day, which was significantly higher than the 521.96 grams of the binary hybrids. However, at a low level close to feeding, the three-way hybrid had an average daily gain of 476.37 grams, but it was lower than the binary hybrid 481.19 grams. Second, lean-type pigs have a high intra-leak rate, and the increased weight is more lean. Lean meat is a protein. The protein needed by pigs must be met from the feed, so it is particularly important for the three-way hybrid lean pig to broaden the sources of feed, especially protein feed supplements. Proteins are composed of amino acids, protein nutrition, which is essentially amino acid nutrition. Ten amino acids are called essential amino acids for pigs, and the lack of any one of them reduces the biological value of the entire protein. Among various essential amino acids, pigs and lysine are often the first limiting amino acid and are often insufficient. It has been proved that adding 0.1 to 0.2% of chemically synthesized lysine in ordinary mixed feed can significantly improve the feeding effect and is economically advantageous. In addition, lean-type pigs have flat stomach lines and small stomachs; appetite is often worse than other pigs. Therefore, attention should be paid to the modulation of feed processing to improve palatability; the proportion of loose and juicy dregs and roughage should not be too large to ensure that the nutrient concentration allows pigs to eat as much as possible, while eating less but nutrition Can basically meet. At present, the appetite of pigs for pigs continues to decline, and pigs are at a loss. The local technical and technical departments should seriously help the majority of pig farms and tens of thousands of households to make full use of the local feed resources and rationally solve their own ingredients so as to reduce costs and improve breeding efficiency. Protect the enthusiasm of the people for raising pigs. Helping the people to solve their own ingredients is, on the one hand, popularizing scientific knowledge to the masses, allowing more people to understand the feed and nutrition of the pigs, and on the other hand, to provide the masses with high-quality and inexpensive premixes or concentrates, and to change the traditional way.æ½² ç³ ç³ ç³ ç³ ç³ ç³ ç³ ç³ å•¥ å•¥ å•¥ . IV. Scientific Rearing of Lean Meat Products The final product of fat pig production is pork, which accounts for about 85% of the total pig population. Maintaining good fattening pigs, increasing the slaughter rate, and improving the quality of slaughtered commercial pigs have important implications for saving feed, lowering costs, and increasing the benefits of growing pigs. We must strive to produce the pigs in the shortest time with the least amount of feed and labor. A lot of good quality pork. The increase in body weight is an overall reflection of the growth of various tissues and organs in the body such as skin, bone, meat, and fat. As the saying goes, “Pig long bones, middle pigs long meat, big pig long beaksâ€. Studies have shown that the smaller the body weight is, the greater the intensity of the growth of the flesh, and the greater the deposition of fat is, the smaller the weight of the pig is, and the higher the lean body mass is. Therefore, feeding lean meat pigs should be timely slaughter. Generally speaking, the more energy the growing-finishing pigs consume, the faster the weight gain, the higher the slaughter rate, and the thicker the back-slurry, the lower the lean meat ratio. The lack of protein not only affects the weight gain, but also affects the muscle growth. Experiments have shown that raw feed is superior to cooked feed; wet feed can reduce waste and facilitate food intake; it is better than large amounts of water and thin feeds; pellets are easy to feed, less wasteful, and can increase digestibility. However, processing costs increase and vitamin losses increase. Limited feeding and free intake. For limited feeding, it is usually a certain amount of feed for a few meals a day. Every meal must be eaten cleanly. Often, pigs cannot eat enough feed intake. Therefore, the daily weight gain is often affected; however, the back fat is thin and the lean meat rate is high. Eating freely allows pigs to eat arbitrarily, which is beneficial for gaining weight. However, the piggyback is thick and the lean meat is low. Therefore, feeding lean pigs should change the traditional pig-raising habits, and should not be limited in the early stages. Properly increasing the weight in later stages to facilitate weight gain will also help increase the lean meat percentage. The kind of pre-hanging and post-fermentation feeding methods are not appropriate. In short, the growth of commercial fat pigs and the lean meat percentage of the carcasses are determined by the quality of the breeds, the level of feed nutrition, and the feeding and management techniques. To promote the production of three-way hybrid lean pigs, we must actively adopt advanced science and technology based on the selection of improved varieties (including hybrid combinations), and constantly improve the level of feeding and management in light of local actual conditions.
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