Li's cultivation techniques

Cultivation value Li is widely cultivated in China and is one of the important stonefruit tree species. The fruit matured earlier and there were more varieties, mainly for fresh sales, which had a certain effect on enriching the early fruit market. In addition to fresh fruit, Li Guo can also be used to make candied fruit, dried fruit, jam and canned sugar. Regardless of fresh fruit or processed products, they are rich in nutritional value and unique flavor. In recent years, processed products such as fresh plums and candied fruit have been sold to the Hong Kong and Macao markets, and they are highly praised. Li's adaptability to the terroir is strong, and the country is from south to north, from east to west, except in the cold and arid desert regions. Both are distributed. Easy to cultivate and manage, easy to flower. Whether it is planted into pieces or planted using four sides and gaps, it is very suitable. If the variety is chosen properly, the economic benefits are high. The main problem in cultivation is that the plum blossoms are earlier and are vulnerable to late frost. Some varieties have unstable production in some areas. Major species and varieties Li Wei is a member of the genus Livia. There are four major species of fruit tree cultivation in China: Chinese Li, Xing Li, European Li, and American Li. Among them, China Li originates from the Yangtze River Valley, and the varieties of Li commonly cultivated in production are mostly of this species. In recent years, European plum and American plum have introduced a small amount of planting. The fine varieties cultivated in the Yangtze and Huaihe region include Li Zi from Zhejiang Tongxiang, Jintang Li from Zhoushan, Li Xin and Duo Li from Zhuji, Yuhuang Li from Anhui, Shandong, Li Huang from Jiangsu, Li Hong from late and Li Xin from Niu. In addition, Fujian Furong Li, Qing Munai Li, Huang Ganli of Henan Jiyuan, Hong Li of Dan County of Shandong, Shuai Li of Wuyuan are also all excellent varieties. The introduced varieties, such as Da Shi Shisheng, Mi Si Li and Brown Lee, performed well. Growth results habits Li is a small deciduous tree, open crown, strong sprouting, branching force varies from species to species. Saplings grow rapidly, with shoots growing 2 or 3 times a year and secondary shoots occurring. Branch fine, short section. After the long branches are shortly cut, 3 to 4 long branches can be drawn under the cuttings, while the majority of the short branches are drawn at the lower part, and flower buds are easily formed into short fruit branches. The buds at the base of shoots have a long life and can be extracted after being stimulated. Therefore, the inside of the crown or the lower part of the main branch is not susceptible to baldness. Easy to update. Li roots are shallow and fibrous roots are well developed. The anvil is resistant to moisture and poor drought resistance. The horizontal roots are farther distributed, and the roots have stronger germination power for reproduction. Li flower buds are easy to form and reach the early age. After planting, the flowering result will be 3 to 4 years, and the fruiting period will be 8 to 25 years. It will become old after 30 years. The flower buds are pure flower buds, single buds or buds are generated with single buds, and the buds at the top of branches are buds. Within each flower bud often open 2 to 3 flowers, flowers are smaller. The results showed that there were 4 kinds of long, medium, short and bouquet-like fruit branches. Among them, fruit-bearing branches and short-fruiting branches have the most reliable results. Only the apical buds are leaf buds. The results of the lower part of the year, the top buds are slightly extended, and they continue to be bouquet-like fruit branches or short fruit branches, which can be consecutive results for 4 to 5 years. stable. Older fruit-like fruit-bearing branches can occur in short branches, forming a dense bunch of fruit-like branches. In the middle and long fruit branches, in addition to several long tips at the tip of the second year, the middle and lower leaf buds can form short fruit branches and fruit-like fruit branches. European Li and American Li are mainly fruitful with short and middle-fruit branches and fruit buds with more single buds. Hidden buds have a short life span, are not easy to germinate, are difficult to update, and have a shorter economic life than Chinese Li. Most varieties of Chinese plums are not normally self-pollinated, and many species in European Li are self-pollinating. Lee pistil abortion flower more, flowering and early, early spring flowering temperature often affect the normal pollination, fertilization, resulting in low fruit rate. This problem should be paid attention to when cultivated in southern varieties of southern plums. Physiological fruit drop phenomenon during fruit development, some varieties are quite serious, affect the yield abundance apology. Excessive nitrogen fertilizer causes new shoots to grow long, with too much fruit, declining tree vigor, and lack of light will aggravate fruit drop. Cultivation techniques 1. Nursery and planting a large number of breeding plum seedlings using grafting method. Buds or branches can be connected. Rootstock with peaches or plums, the northern use of peach or apricot. Peach anvil has strong drought resistance. Li anvil is resistant to moisture and heavy soil, and can be selected according to local conditions. The method of grafting is the same as that of peach. In addition to the grafting method, the propagation of seedlings can also be applied to cuttings and ramets. Li has more plants in the Jianghuai area. It is advisable to use a soil with a deep soil layer and a strong ability to retain water and fertility. Viscous heavy soil planting plum can easily cause plum tree flow. Most of Li's cultivars are small in size and have a short economic life, so they should be properly planted. The row spacing is generally (3 ~ 5) meters X (4 ~ 6) meters. Peach anvils, fertilizer plots, strong growing varieties of plant spacing can be larger, Lee anvil, barren land, the growth of weak varieties are small. 10% to 20% of pollination varieties need to be planted. Even if the results of self-pollination varieties, planting pollination trees or mixed with 2 to 3 varieties of branches, it will help improve fruiting rate and increase yield. 2. The appropriate tree shape for pruning Li depends on the strength of the center. Centers with weak or inconspicuous varieties should use natural happy shape, and centers on obvious varieties with two-layer type happy-shape or change-type trunk shape. Specific plastic method can refer to machine, apricot and plum. In addition to pruning the branches of Li Shushu, the branches need to be cut short, and the remaining branches should be lightly cut and long, so as to ease the tree vigor and promote the formation of most short branches. For species that have more branches and grow stronger, in particular, they should be cut short or not, and standing branches and dense branches should be removed. By using the branching characteristics of Li, it is also possible to carry out topping or cutting shoots on long shoots in summer to promote branching, speed up the cultivation of branches, or shorten the period of shaping. During the fruit period, the number of short-fruit branches and bouquet-like fruit branches of plums is very large. After a large number of results, the growth potential is easily weakened. The base branches and the resulting branch groups of these result branches can be retracted in batches, so that they can stay weak and stay strong. Staying new, constantly rejuvenating, maintaining a certain growth potential. And appropriate sparsely removed some fruit bunches that have been aging for many years. For newly born branches, they can be first laid down for 1 to 2 years, and then retracted year by year to cultivate new branches. Li Yinji has a long life span. When the tree tends to age, he can make full use of the long-distance skills developed in the canopy, cut it short, or pull branches, so as to form fruiting branches and supplement the vacant part of the canopy and ensure the yield. Can also be used to update the backbone branches. 3. Soil and fertilizer water management Plum has a large amount of fruit, resulting in a large number of fruits, and a short fruit growth period, especially for large amounts of nitrogen and potassium, which need to be supplemented. Basal fertilizer is applied in the early autumn, and the dosage accounts for 70% of the annual nitrogen and potassium fertilizers and all of the phosphate fertilizers. Normally early and mid-maturing varieties of top-dressing fertilizers were applied once after harvesting, and late-maturing varieties were top-dressed once after fixing fruit to promote fruit enlargement and flower bud differentiation. Old and weak flowers and trees can also be given a nitrogen fertilizer before flowering to promote new shoot growth and improve fruiting rate. The roots of Li Shu are shallow. In addition to the application of basal fertilizer for deep soil turning, the cultivating soil should be often ridged in the growing season to keep the soil loose and moist. The rainy season should pay attention to timely drainage and flood prevention. In dry seasons, irrigation or tree cover should be applied. 4. When fruit trees are covered with too much fruit, the fruit should be thinned to improve the quality of the fruit, increase the fruit, and help prevent years of age. Shrubs are carried out immediately after the physiological fruiting has ended. Generally, each short fruit branch leaves 1 fruit, and the short fruit branches with few leaves can leave no fruit. In general, small fruit varieties of 7 cm to 10 cm stay 1 fruit, and large fruit varieties of 15 cm leave 1 fruit. When the fruits mature, they do not contact each other. Major diseases and pests and their prevention and treatment The main diseases and pests on Lishu include scab, brown rot, bacterial perforation, fluid injection and provocation, red spider, peach root, and Li Shifeng. Most of the diseases and insect pests are common to peach trees and can be controlled by reference to peach trees. Li Shi’s bees are attacked by the larvae, the nucleus of the larvae, causing the flesh and nucleolus to be empty. One generation a year. The mature larvae in the soil in the winter, the second year of adult flowering eclosion eggs infestation. Control methods: Combine with the deep turn of the soil in the tree tray, deeply buried fruit. Ground and canopy sprays are performed during adult stages, but full bloom should be avoided. After harvesting, storage and processing, Li matures easily and becomes soft and impassible. Fresh edible Li Yi should be harvested during the semi-soft ripening period for processing candied fruit or sugar canned Li Yi during the hard ripening period. Whole-tree fruits are inconsistent in maturity. In order to ensure quality, fresh food should be collected in batches. In addition to the late-maturing varieties such as the Quebec rose plum and black gems and plums, the early and middle-maturing varieties Li Guo were not tolerant of storage, and even if they were to be stored for a short period of time, they should be maintained at low temperature. Usually with the pick, with the transport, with sales, without storage. There are many types of plum fruit processing. The simple processing method suitable for rural use is to pickle the billet. The fine salt rubs the plum skin, then picks it for 20 days and uses 16 kilograms of fine salt per 100 kilograms of plum fruit. After removing the sun dried billet, it can be stored for a long time. Using cured Lee embryos, it can be further processed into other processed products such as plum.

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