Different nutrients are required for different stages of the cow's growth, and the feed composition will have its own merits, but the general principle is to meet the body's nutritional needs, neither too much nor too little. Excessive body can not absorb, resulting in waste and economic losses; too little to meet the body's needs, affecting growth and development. The composition of the feed at different stages is briefly described below.
Yak feed composition
The calf is the calf that points to the weaning after birth. The calf's age depends mainly on the length of the lactation. The lactation period is generally 3 months to 6 months. The calves are in the first few days after birth due to various tissues. The organs are not yet fully developed, have low resistance to adverse environmental conditions, have weak adaptability, and the gastrointestinal mucosa is easily penetrated by bacteria. The skin protection ability is poor and the nervous system response is insufficient. The calf's feeding is divided into two stages according to its physiological characteristics: primary and lactation. The calf is born 1 to 5 days after birth. This period is mainly fed colostrum, because colostrum is more dry matter than regular milk. Nutrition is rich, especially protein is 4 times higher than normal milk, 10 times higher than albumin and globulin, so calves must eat colostrum within 2 hours of birth, and the sooner the better.
In addition to feeding normal milk during lactation, supplementation is started, especially the supply of plant feed can promote the development of gastrointestinal and digestive glands, especially for the development of the rumen. The nutritional level of supplementation is high, and the calf's growth and development are fast. On the contrary, the level of nutrition is low and development is delayed. A large number of high-nutrition feed supplements, although growing rapidly, are not conducive to rumen development, while the cultivation costs are also high. Ten days before supplementation, high-quality hay was fed to allow them to feed freely, from the 20th day onwards they began to feed succulent feed, and after 2 months of age, they were fed with silage, and at the same time they were given supplemental antibiotics for the prevention of diarrhea.
The reference formula for yak mixed concentrate is as follows: corn 35%, bean cake 35%, wheat bran 27%, bone meal 1%, salt 1%, additive 1%.
Feed composition for bred cattle
Yak enters the breeding period after weaning at 6 months of age. The newly weaned cows have poor digestive function and require better quality of roughage. Breeding cattle is a period of rapid growth of the calf, to ensure that the daily weight gain of more than 0.4 kilograms, otherwise it will be reserved for the breeding heifers initial estrus and appropriate breeding age postponed.
The ration of bred cows is mainly based on roughage, which can be used with or without mix concentrates. During the dry season, high-quality green hay and silage should be supplemented and mixed with the concentrate. Breeding cattle minerals is very important. The content and proportion of calcium and phosphorus must be matched, and at the same time, attention should be paid to adding trace elements. The basic feed for rearing cows is silage such as hay, grass, straw, etc. The feed amount is about 1.2% to 2.5% of the body weight, depending on the quality and size of the silage. The best quality hay is the best during this period. It is perfectly possible to replace the hay with a suitable amount of succulent feed such as silage. The replacement ratio depends on the moisture content of the silage. For silage with more than 80% water, the ratio of replacing silage with hay is 4.5:1. The replacement ratio of water in 70% can be 3:1. If silage is used too much in the early stage, the stomach capacity of cattle is insufficient, which may affect the growth, especially Low-quality silage should not feed more.
After 12 months of age, the development of the digestive organs of the bred cattle is almost mature. At the same time, the cow has no burden of pregnancy or milk production. Therefore, if sufficient high quality coarse material is eaten during this period, it can basically meet the nutritional needs if roughage is used. When the quality is poor, it is necessary to supplement a small amount of concentrate to meet the nutritional needs. Generally based on the quality of silage supplement 1 kg to 3 kg of fine material.
The formula for the reference diet for broilers was as follows: corn 62%, bran 15%, pancake 20%, bone meal 2%, salt 1%, and additional 3000 A of vitamin A per kilogram of mixed concentrate.
Feed composition of empty cows
The main purpose of raising empty cows is to maintain a medium-high sensation in cattle and increase the rate of conception. Breeding cows that are too thin or overweight before mating often affects reproductive performance. If there is too much concentrate and there is insufficient exercise, the cow will be over-fat and will not be estrus. However, in the absence of nutrients and thin cows, cows are not estrus. Therefore, feeding low-quality roughage under house-feeding conditions should be carried out in the winter and spring withered season. For the lean cows, 1 month to 2 months before mating, they should strengthen nutrition and increase supplemental concentrates to increase the conception rate.
The reference formulas are as follows: corn 65%, wheat bran 15%, bran 18%, salt 1%, additive 1%.
Feed composition of lactating cows
The main task of lactating cows is to prolific milk and meet the nutritional needs of calf's growth and development. According to lactation law, lactating cows can be divided into four stages: early lactation, prolific lactation, middle lactation and end of lactation.
Early lactation usually refers to the period from 10 days to 15 days after calving. During this period, the body of the cow is in a state of recovery, and it is necessary to replenish moisture in time after delivery to promote the excretion of metabolites. 2 days to 3 days postpartum, feed the easily digestible high-quality hay, properly supplement the mixed concentrates such as wheat bran and corn, and control the green fodder and protein feeds with good prolactin effect. After 3 days to 4 days of calving, you can feed juice and concentrate feed. The amount of concentrate should not exceed 0.5 kg to 1 kg per day. The increase should not be excessive. For the weaker cows, high quality hay should be fed 3 days after childbirth. . If the physique is healthy, a small amount of juicy material can be fed on the first day after calving, and the amount of concentrate can be returned to normal levels from 6 days to 7 days.
The period of lactation is the period in which cows produce the most milk, roughly 16 days to 3 months after calving. During this period, the appetite of cows gradually returned to normal and reached the maximum intake. The requirements for nutrient concentration in the diet were high, and the palatability was better. The roughage with low energy concentration should be limited, and the amount of concentrate fed should be increased. The ratio of fine and coarse was 50:50. If the dietary energy concentration is low, vegetable fat can be added and the intake time can be appropriately extended.
The mid lactation period refers to the period from 4 months postpartum to 2 months before milk. During this period, the cow's lactation peak period has passed, and the milk output has dropped by 5% to 7% every month. In this stage, the cows eat well and the feed intake reaches a peak. They can ingest enough nutrients from the normal feed to meet their own needs, increase the amount of coarse material, and appropriately reduce the amount of concentrate, and control the ratio of fine and coarse to 40:60. about.
The end of lactation is one month before cow dry milk. During this period, we should supply high-quality roughage as much as possible, properly supplement concentrates, prepare before dry milk, and control the ratio of refined coarse material to about 30:70.
The cow's lactation participation formula was: cornmeal 50%, wheat bran 12%, bean cake 30%, yeast feed 5%, calcium phosphate 0.4%, salt 0.9%, trace elements and vitamins 0.1%.
Feed composition of pregnant cows
After pregnancy, the cow needs not only its own growth and development nutrition, but also to meet the nutritional needs of the fetus growth and development and nutritional accumulation of postpartum lactation. Before the cow is pregnant, due to the slower growth and development of the fetus, its nutritional needs are less, and like the empty cows, mainly with roughage, with a small amount of fine material. If there is enough grass supply, concentrates may not be fed. Cows should strengthen their nutrition in the middle and later stages of pregnancy, especially in the last 2 months to 3 months of pregnancy. They should be in line with the feeding standards and the diet should be based on green fodder, with a proper mix of concentrates, with a focus on protein, minerals, and vitamins. Nutrition needs, the best quality of protein bean cake, cotton cake, rape cake containing toxic ingredients, should not feed pregnant cows; minerals to meet the needs of calcium and phosphorus; vitamin deficiency can make cows abortion, premature birth, weak production, Yak is easy to develop after birth, and a small amount of corn, wheat bran and other grain feeds can be added. Care should be taken to prevent the pregnant cows from becoming overweight, especially the young first-born cows, so as to avoid dystocia.
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