First, tomato gray mold
1. Symptoms Tomato flowers, fruits, leaves, stems can be disease. The fruit is infected and the fruits suffer heavy damage. The remaining stigmas or petals are first infested and the fruits or stalks are expanded. As a result, the pericarp is gray and white, and a thick layer of gray mold is formed, showing watery rot. The incidence of leaf blade mostly starts from the tip of the leaf and extends inwards along the "V" shape of the branch veins. It initially appears water-soaked and is yellow-brown after unfolding. The edge has a striate line between the depth and the depth. Disease and health organizations have distinct boundaries. When the stem is infected, it begins to appear as a water-soaked dot, and then expands into oblong or stripe-shaped lesions, light brown. When the humidity is high, a gray moldy layer is formed on the surface of the lesion, and when it is severe, the diseased area is withered.
2. Transmission routes and conditions The disease is caused by the infection of the genus Botrytis. At a temperature of 20 to 30°C and a relative humidity of 90% or more, it is a suitable condition for the occurrence of the disease. Protected areas are generally susceptible to disease from December to May of the following year. Germs are spread by air currents, irrigation water, and agricultural operations. Stained flowers are the main human transmission method. The pathogenic bacteria invade through dead tissues such as wounds and aging organs. The flowering period is the peak period of infection.
3. Prevention methods Ecological control. The protection zone is mainly to control the shed's room temperature humidity. Normally late in the morning, the air is released late in the morning. When the temperature drops to 25°C, the air is discharged at noon. In the afternoon, the temperature is maintained at 20 to 25°C. When the temperature is kept at 20°C, the air is stopped so that the night temperature is maintained at 15 to 17°C. , Cloudy open ventilation vents.
Strengthen the cultivation and management, apply enough base fertilizer when planting, avoid watering in rainy days, release moisture after watering, control watering after onset, remove diseased fruits and diseased leaves in time, and focus on treatment, remove diseased debris after pulling, pay attention to Farming practices hygiene to prevent infection.
Chemical control, focusing on three key drugs before transplanting, flowering and fruit expansion.
1 Before the transplanting, the seedlings were sprayed with 50% quickening WP 1500-2000 times or 50% carbendazim or 500 times wet powder.
2 stained anther. After colonization, dip and floral application is applied, that is, adding 0.1% of 50% acetaminophen wettable powder or 50% carbendazim WP or 0.2% to 0.3% to the well-prepared 2.4-D or anti-dropping agent diluent. 25% Metalaxyl WP is applied or smeared. In recent years, the single use of "Panguo Ling No. 1" WP has achieved good results. That is, 0.5 liter per gram of hot water is fully stirred, and the flower is cooled after cooling.
3 urging fruit medicine. The application of pesticides before or after pouring fruit water.
4spray can be used 50% quick-inking WP 2000 times; 50% acetaminophen wettable powder 1500 times; 60% anti-mildew ultrafine powder 600 times; 45% thiabendazole suspension 4000 times 2% Wuyimycin aqueous solution 150 times; 50% Nongliling WP 500 times and so on.
5 smoke application can use 10% fast Ke Ling smoke agent or 45% chlorothalonil smoke agent, 250 grams per acre; 3% Thiabendazole smoke agent, 250 grams per acre.
6 dust application 5% of chlorothalonil dust can be used, each 1 kg per acre, with a harvest type 5 or type 10 duster spray, once every 7 to 10 days, even with 2 or 3 times.
Second, tomato late blight
1. Symptoms Seedlings and adult plants can all develop disease, and damage leaves, stems and fruits. However, the damage to leaves and green plants in adult plants is heavier.
Seedling sensation developed dark green water immersed lesions, which developed from the leaves to the main stalk. The petioles and stalks became dark brown and rotted. The whole plant was wilting, and the diseased part produced white mold. The base of the young stems develops, forming watery contractures, wilting or lodging of the seedlings. In the adult stage, leaf disease mostly occurs from the lower leaves, forming lesions with dark greenish-water immersed edges that are not obvious, and are brownish after expansion. When the humidity is high, white mold appears in the back-to-back field, and the disease department is dry, brittle and easy to break. Stem lesions were initially darkly sunken and later turned dark brown and rot, and could easily cause wilting of the stems above the main stem. The fruit was infected and the lesions were oil-immersed dark green, dark brown afterwards, slightly sunken, the diseased part hard, and the edges showing a pronounced moire pattern. When the humidity is high, it grows white mold and quickly rots.
2. Transmission routes and conditions The disease is caused by the infestation of P. infestans. Low humidity is the main condition of the disease. Temperatures of 18 to 22°C and relative humidity of 95% to 100% favor the occurrence and prevalence. When there are water droplets on the leaves, the sporangia and zoospores germinate. The mycelium grows fastest when the temperature is 20~23°C. Whether it is the onset or epidemic or not, determines the presence of water droplets or water film. Partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, insufficient base fertilizer, continuous rain, lack of light, poor ventilation, excessive watering, and high density are all prone to the disease. The pathogens are transmitted by airflow and irrigation water and then infested. The disease is an epidemic disease with multiple repeated infections.
3. Control methods Agricultural control.
Selection of disease-resistant varieties, such as Zhongwu No.4, No.5, Qiangfeng, Jiafen, Zhongza No.4, etc.; 3 years of rotation with non-solanum crops; strengthening of fertilizer and water management, watering on sunny days and preventing flooding After the irrigation in the protective ground, timely ventilation, adequate base fertilizer, formula fertilization; reasonable dense planting, timely pruning, improve ventilation and light conditions; timely removal of the central diseased plants.
Chemical control. After the discovery of the central disease strain, the application effect was good in time.
1 spray application. Can choose 40% phycocyanin WP 250 times, 58% metalaxyl MnZn WP 500 times, 64% WP 50 times, 72% urea Mn (DuPont Kelu) Wettable powder 800 times, 69% Ankang zinc wettable powder 1000 times.
2 dust application. May use 5% cream urea manganese zinc dust agent per kilogram per kilogram, 5% chlorothalonil dust agent 1 kilogram per acre, apply in the evening shed and seal before the shed, overnight. 7 to 8 days once, for 3 to 4 consecutive times.
3 smoke application. Can use 45% chlorothalonil smoke agent 250 grams / mu times, evening application, closed studio.
4 Irrigation administration. Can use 50% amethlyone WP wettable powder 600 times, 60% ABS aluminum wettable powder 400 times, about 300 grams per ping liquid can be.
Third, tomato leaf mold
1. Symptoms mainly harm the leaves, and they also harm stems, fruit, and flowers in severe cases. When the leaves were damaged, there were unplanned or whitish chlorotic spots on the back of the leaves, a layer of primary white fungus, and a brownish-brown or dark brown layer of fungus later. The leaves are yellowish on the front and their edges are not obvious. In severe cases, the diseased leaves curl and die. The lower leaves of the diseased plants began to develop and gradually spread to the upper leaves. When severe, it can cause leaf curling in the whole plant. The fruit is infected and spreads from the pedicle to the surrounding area. The fruit surface forms black or irregular patches and hardens the depression.
2. Transmission routes and conditions The disease is caused by the infection of the genus Clostridium spp. General temperature of 20 ~ 25 °C, relative humidity of more than 90% conducive to bacterial infection and disease occurrence. High temperature and high humidity are conducive to disease, but humidity is an important factor affecting the disease. The bacteria spread through the air and invaded through stomata in the back of the leaves.
3. Control methods Arrange rotations reasonably. Arrange the rotation of melons or other vegetables for more than three years to reduce the number of bacteria in the soil. Greenhouse disinfection. Before germination, use a powder of 0.25 kg of sulphur powder to mix with 0.50 kg of sawdust and sterilize it with a method of igniting and boring overnight. After one day, plant the seedlings or use 45% chlorothalonil smoke agent. Disinfect the interior and topsoil at a rate of 0.25 kg per 110 square meters for a day or night.
High temperature stuffy shed. Choose sunny noon time, take about two hours of high temperature treatment of 30 ~ 33 °C, and then ventilate and cool down, have a better control of the pathogen.
Ecological control. Strengthen the management of temperature and humidity in the shed, timely ventilation, proper control of watering, timely ventilation and dehumidification after watering, and control irrigation after rainy days and onset. Properly dense planting, timely pruning in order to facilitate air and light. The implementation of formula fertilization to avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizer, appropriate increase in phosphorus, potassium fertilizer.
Chemical control.
1 spray application. Immediately after seeing the disease, the diseased leaves should be removed and the sprayed liquid should be fully controlled. Attention should be paid to the prevention and treatment of the back of leaves. Available 2% Bo-10 (wuyimycin) Aqueous Solution 150 times, 60% Anti-mildew Po Ultrafine 600x Night, 50% Carbendazim Wettable 500x, 70% Thiophanate-methyl Wettable Powder 800 to 1000 times liquid, 40% Fuxing EC 6,000 to 8000 times,
47% Garethon wettable powder 600 to 800 times liquid, once every 7 to 8 days, even spray 2 to 3 times.
2 dust application or smoke application. Spray dust or release aerosols in the evening. Commonly used 5% Garrin dust, 5% chlorothalonil dust, 7% foliar net dust, 10% energetic dust, etc., 1 kg per acre, 7-8 days; 45% Chlorothalole smoke agent 250-300 grams per acre.
IV. Tomato early blight
1. Symptoms are sick at seedling stage, dark brown spots on stem base of seedlings, and slightly swarthy. In the adult stage, the leaves appear dark green lesions at the beginning of the disease. After expansion, they are round or irregular. The edges are more light green or yellow halo, the middle is concentric ring, and the lesions are wet. Black mold layer grows. The diseased leaves generally develop upward from the lower part of the plant, and when the disease is severe, the middle piece falls off. Stem lesions are often found at the base of the branches and petiole, brown to dark brown irregular round or oval lesions, depressions, and sometimes cracks, causing severe fragmentation. Green fruit disease, beginning near the calyx, initially oval or irregular brown or black spots, depression, late fruit cracking, hard part of the disease, dense black mold layer.
2. Transmission routes and onset conditions The disease is caused by the infection of Alternaria solani, and the pathogens overwinter on sick bodies and seeds. It spreads through air currents, irrigation water, and agricultural operations. It directly invades the disease from stomata and wound epidermis. The optimum temperature for pathogenic bacteria growth is 26-28°C, which is usually severe under high temperature and high humidity conditions.
3. Control methods Agricultural control. Apply sufficient organic fertilizer, timely irrigation fertilizer. Choose disease-resistant varieties, change crops for rotation, and plant close-packed.
Ecological control. Adjust the indoor temperature and humidity, especially early in the early spring tomato colonization, ditch time should not be too long, to prevent the shed room humidity is too high, the temperature is too high.
Chemical control. Dust application, spraying 5% chlorothalonil dust at the beginning of the disease, 1 kg/mu, once every 9 days, spray 3~4 times; smoke application, 45% chlorothalonil smoke agent or 10 % Fast-king spirit smoke agent, 200-250 grams per acre; spray application, use 50% agrigen wet powder or 65% more caustic wettable powder 1000 times, 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc Wet powder, 64% anti-virus M8 wettable powder 500 times liquid.
V. Tomato virus disease
1. Symptoms There are three major types of tomato virus disease: Mosaic type: yellow-green or dark-spotted mottled leaves with transparent veins, slightly shriveled leaves, slightly shorter diseased plants, small new leaves, and small fruit surface. Bad quality, mostly flower-faced.
Fern leaf type. All or part of the upper leaves start to become strips, and the middle and lower leaves roll up slightly. Petals increase, forming "big flowers." Plants are dwarfed to varying degrees.
Stripe type. Mainly in fruits and stems. The leaves exhibited brown-brown spots or mosaics, and the back veins were purple; dark greenish to dark brown subsidence on the stems resulted in oily necrotic stripe, and the diseased stems were brittle and easily broken; brown patches of different shapes were formed on the fruits, but the discolored parts It is only in the superficial tissue and does not penetrate into the stem and flesh. With the development of the fruit, the diseased part is hollowed and becomes a deformed fruit.
2. Transmission routes and disease conditions Generally, the tomato disease is light in the early spring greenhouse. After entering May, the fern leaves and mosaics begin to increase. After the fall, tomato virus disease is more serious than the spring greenhouse, mainly including fern leaf and streak virus. The difference in temperature between day and night in the greenhouse, the early sowing date, and the large age of colonization can aggravate the virus disease. High temperature and drought, aphids are aggravated, plant growth is weak, and heavy aphids, etc., can easily cause virus disease. The means of transmission is contact through the friction, snoring, kidnapping and other operations, and can also be transmitted through locusts and machinery.
3. Control methods Agricultural control.
1 selection of disease-resistant varieties. In winter and spring, it is feasible to use good powder No. 1, Su Kang No. 5, No. 8, No. 9, Xifen No. 3 and Zaofeng.
Autumn cultivation can be used after the strong, rich vegetables, 4, 5, hair powder 802, good powder 10,15 and so on.
2 Use disease-free seed and seed treatment. Seeds should be selected from disease-free plants; seed treatment can be soaked in fresh water for 4 hours before sowing, and then removed and put into 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20 minutes, and then washed out and rinsed with water to cleanse and germinate.
3 strengthen the cultivation and management. Rational rotation, timely removal of diseased plants after harvest, cultivating disease-free strong seedlings, and paying attention to hand and tool disinfection in field operations.
Timely control of locusts.
Available 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 2000 ~ 2500 times, 0.4% acaricidal water 200 ~ 400 times liquid.
Biological agent control. In the tomato seedlings, planting, vines tied, snoring before spraying 1% soapy water plus 0.2% to 0.4% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 1:20 to 40 milk or Soybean milk powder to prevent infection. Spraying NS-83 increasing agent 100 times before and after colonization can enhance tomato disease resistance and increase yield. At the same time can also be used 20% of the virus A WP 500 times control.
Six, tomato physiological disease
(I) Tomato umbilical rot
1. The symptoms are most susceptible to disease. Lesions occur in the umbilical part of the fruit, which is the remnant part of the flower, and it is called the umbilical rot. In the initial stage of the disease, the water was immersed in dark green, and the collapse of the flesh tissue at the diseased site was significantly flattened. The healthy part of the victim’s fruit turns red in advance. The diseased part is often infected with saprophytic bacteria under moist conditions, producing dark green, black or pink moldy on the lesions.
2. Incidence conditions Young fruit and immature green fruits of tomato are susceptible to disease. Fruits usually do not develop after maturation.
After the rainy season, followed by drought or excessive irrigation in the early stage and no irrigation in the later stage, the plants often suffer severe drought when they suddenly suffer from drought. Poor tomato root development, or root injury, can not normally absorb water, but also easy to induce umbilical rot. If the application of unripe organic fertilizers or excessive fertilization causes burning of roots, thereby affecting the normal absorption of water, the onset is often severe. Sandy soil or viscous soil will make the soil moisture change too much, the soil alkaline too heavy, affect the ability of root water absorption, are easy to disease.
3. Control methods Strengthen management to ensure uniform supply of plant water, especially when the temperature rises sharply in early summer, pay attention to the supply of water, and watering in the field should be carried out in the morning or evening.
Choose a soil with strong fertility and a deep sandy soil. Too much soil or excessive sand content should be combined with deep tillage and organic fertilizers, such as compost and green manure, to improve soil properties and enhance its ability to maintain water and fertilizer.
Rational fertilization. Avoid using unripe organic fertilizers, or applying excessive fertilizer concentrations to burn the root system. Pay attention to the reasonable application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer too much. In the 30 days after the start of fruit set in the tomato, appropriate calcium fertilizer, calcium 1% superphosphate, 0.1% calcium chloride or 0.1% calcium nitrate for extra-root fertilizer, spraying from the beginning of the flowering period, every 15 days Spray 1 time, can receive a good disease prevention effect.
(B) tomato tendon rot tendon rot, is the protection of tomato cultivation often occurs in the physiological disease, the disease rate of up to 20% to 35%.
1. Symptoms Tomato rot is a physiological disease that harms the fruit. The main symptom is the uneven coloration of the fruit. After the transection, the vascular tissue of the pulp is dark brown. In lighter-onset fruits, part of the vascular bundle became brown and necrotic. Although the shape of the fruit did not change, the vascular bundle did not turn red. In severely diseased fruits, the vascular bundles of the flesh were dark brown in color. The placental tissue of the diseased fruit was poorly developed. Some of the fruits were accompanied by cavities. The surface of the fruit showed obvious red and green inhomogeneity. In severe cases, the diseased part was light brown and the surface was changed. hard. Except for the mildly affected fruits, there is no commercial value. The stems and leaves of the diseased plants had no obvious symptoms.
The period of onset of tomato rot is different due to the different cultivation methods. Most of the winter-cultivated tomatoes occurred in the second and third ear fruits, and many of the tomatoes cultivated in winter and spring occurred in the first and second ear fruits. The disease has been exposed during the red period.
2. The causes and conditions of morbidity are mainly caused by lack of sunshine, low temperature, multiple fertilizers, excessive humidity, lack of potassium, high groundwater level, soil compaction and other factors.
3. Control methods Select resistant varieties. At present, the "Fox No. 3" and "Fengfeng" disease rates are relatively low, and they can be used as the main cultivars in the re-emergence areas, but the incidence in different areas is different. Pay attention to the rotation. There are fewer kinds of crops grown in greenhouses, and it is difficult to change crops during rotation, and it is generally not important for crop rotation. It is particularly necessary to implement crop rotation in heavy-break greenhouses in order to ease the imbalance of soil nutrients.
Improve management. Protect tomato cultivation, to avoid the lack of light, more fertilizer, soil oxygen deficiency and so on. Pay attention to improving the light conditions and increase the light transmittance of the protective cover material.
Seedling colonization should not be too dense and not too luxuriant, winter and spring cultivation age of not less than 60 days. Appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer with appropriate, to avoid partial nitrogen fertilizer, with particular attention to excessive application of ammonia nitrogen fertilizer. Potassium fertilizers were added, and organic fertilizers were applied more to improve the physical properties of the soil and enhance soil water retention, drainage capacity, and permeability. With proper irrigation, do not apply too much water at a time and keep the soil suitable for humidity. Pay attention to drainage after the rain.
After the fruit is set, 15 to 20 days, the compound micro-fertilizer such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed and applied for 2 to 3 times.
Increase carbon dioxide gas fertilizer to maximize photosynthesis.
(c) Tomatoes
1. Symptoms There is a gap between the flesh and the fruit cavity. The degree of light empty fruit can still be commercial, with no merchandise value.
2. The prevention and control methods should provide as many as possible assimilation nutrients so that the fruits are adequately nutritious and reduce the occurrence of empty fruit.
Seedlings that are easily detached from flower buds generally have poor root development, a small number of roots, and weak assimilation. The use of growth hormone promotes fruit setting and is prone to empty fruit. If you reduce the number of fruit set, the occurrence of empty fruit will be reduced.
The plants had good flower buds, and they were injured when they were transplanted to form the aging seedlings. The development of the root system in the field was not good, and the leaves were susceptible to aging and the assimilation was weakened. According to the growth potential of the plants, the fruits are set in proportion, and the fruits are slowly expanded to provide sufficient nutrients and reduce the occurrence of empty fruit.
When the leaf area is small, the first inflorescence is heavily fruited, and the fruit at the bottom of the plant needs the assimilation nutrients supplied by the whole plant, and there are fewer empty fruits. However, if there is less assimilation of nutrients in the upper fruits, empty fruit will be formed. When the assimilation of nutrients is insufficient, the fruit cannot expand well, and when there is little nutrients, it cannot be established.
In the same inflorescence, if the flowering time from the first flower to the fifth or sixth flower is not concentrated, it will cause competition for assimilation of nutrients between the fruits, and fruit of late flowering will form empty fruit, so in the same inflorescence, Three to four flowers that are simultaneously flowering are treated together with growth stimulants.
When the soil has more nitrogen, more water, and higher night temperatures, flowering dates are not easy. On the contrary, when the soil was slightly dry and the night temperature was low, flowering was more orderly. At night, when the temperature is high, especially when applying nitrogen fertilizer and pouring water, most of the assimilation nutrients are distributed to the plants, but the fruit is distributed very little. In this case, it is necessary to carry out topping. According to different environmental conditions, in order to increase the leaf area, a part of the fruit can be removed to increase the number of leaves so that the assimilation of nutrients can be increased and the appearance of empty fruit can be prevented.
Less use of plant growth regulators to promote fruit set, mainly artificial pollination, supplemented with growth regulators. In the case of ensuring a certain number of fruit set, the number of use of the growth regulator is reduced, the amount of the growth regulator entering the plant is reduced, and it is preferable that the unripe flowers are not treated with a high concentration of the growth regulator.
(D) tomato cracking fruit
1. When the symptoms are mature, radial cracks occur near the fruit pedicle, which is radioactive cracking. Concentric cracks appear in the shoulders of the fruit, which are concentric cracks. Many fruit cracks are mixed fruit cracks that occur at the same time. In terms of cultivation type, the tomatoes cultivated in the open field in the summer and the cracked fruits in the plastic film greenhouse in the autumn. More happening. High-temperature drying is also prone to occur.
2. Prevention methods Prevention of cracking of fruits is mainly to prevent the aging of fruits and the drastic increase of soil water content caused by rainfall. It is also important to avoid direct contact between rain and fruit surfaces.
Pericarp aging is caused by direct sunlight on the skin. The leaves of tomato after fruit setting can protect the fruit from shading. If the sunlight is strong, it can also be made of paper in the inflorescence. If there is a large blade above the fruit to cover the fruit, the disease prevention effect is better. In topping cultivation, more attention should be paid to small varieties of upper fruits and leaves, and measures to prevent cracking should be taken in time.
Low levels of calcium and boron in the soil can also cause skin aging. The calcium and potassium fertilizers should be fully supplied and the plants should be well absorbed.
In the dry condition, the absorption of calcium deteriorates, and in the case of multiple fertilizers and potassium, the absorption of calcium may also be affected. Pay attention to the deep plowing of the soil and the application of an appropriate amount of basal fertilizer so that the roots can grow fully and absorb nutrients and moisture well. In addition, we must pay attention to economic irrigation, to avoid the drastic increase in moisture in the soil caused by the rain after drought. Strengthen soil management so that the root can extend deep.
(5) Tomatoes with sunburn
1. Symptoms In the field, it is common to see sunburn disease occurring on the fruit and forming fruit on the day. Most of the green fruit appeared during the expansion period. On the sunny side of the fruit, large patches of chlorotic whiteness appeared, and the boundary with the surrounding healthy tissues was more obvious. The lesions became dry, leathery, thin, and tissue necrosis in the late stage. Sometimes the leaves can also be burned. A part of the leaves in the initial stage is chlorotic, and later becomes bleached and finally yellowed and dies.
2. Prevention and control methods Pay attention to reasonable close planting, timely and moderate pruning, so that the stems and leaves cover each other and the fruits are not exposed to direct sunlight. Pay attention to the direction of crops, generally north and south line to the incidence of sunburn disease is lighter.
When the temperature of greenhouses and greenhouses is too high, timely ventilation, prompting the temperature of the fruit surface of the leaves to fall, or timely irrigation, reduce the body temperature of the plants. When the sun is too strong, curtains can be covered or shade nets can be covered. Spraying 85% of the B9 water soluble solution from 2000 to 3000ppm, or 0.1% of zinc sulfate or copper sulfate, to increase tomato anti-jamming capacity.
(6) Damage to tomato 2,4-D
1. Symptoms 2,4-D injury can manifest on leaves and fruits. The damage to the leaves showed the leaves bent, stiff and slender, the leaflets could not be unfolded, and they shrank longitudinally and the leaf edges were distorted. Like virus symptoms. The fruit phytotoxicity was manifested as fruit deformity, the most common being the papillae.
2. Control methods Strictly control the reasonable use concentration of 2,4-D. As temperatures increase, the depth of use changes. Take the spring tomato in the greenhouse as an example, usually the first inflorescence uses a reasonable concentration of 2,4-D. As the temperature increased, the concentration used was 20 ppm, the second inflorescence was 15 ppm, and the third inflorescence was 10 ppm.
Silk flowers should be marked to prevent repeated flowering, so as to avoid excessive concentration caused by phytotoxicity. Care should be taken when squashing flowers to prevent 2,4-D pods from dripping onto twigs or leaves. Spraying is strictly prohibited.
When the number of flowers in the field is large, the use of anti-dropping agents 25 to 40 ppm spray can be used instead.
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