Carrots, also known as soil blue, Yang Jia Jing, artichokes, or foreign kohlrabi, belong to the Brassicaceae family. They are biennial herbs with a main product being a fleshy root. Due to their easy cultivation and high yield, they are becoming increasingly popular in China. The fleshy roots can be fried, cooked, or pickled, while the stems and leaves are often used as animal feed.
**(I) Biological Characteristics**
The root of the carrot is enlarged, typically spherical or oval, with a single root weighing between 0.5 kg and 3.5 kg. The leaves are dark green, covered with a white powdery coating, thick, and deeply lobed. It produces racemes of yellow flowers. This plant is a hybrid of Brassica oleracea and turnips, so it's important to maintain isolation when cultivating to prevent cross-pollination. The fruit is a long pod that splits open when mature, releasing seeds. These seeds are slightly round, dark brown, and have a weight of approximately 3.3 grams per 1000 seeds.
Carrot is highly resistant to both cold and heat. Seeds can germinate at temperatures as low as 2°C to 3°C, with optimal growth occurring between 13°C and 18°C. Seedlings can tolerate temperatures as low as 1°C to 2°C. The seedlings are also drought-resistant and can be sown during hot summer months, from July to August.
**(b) Varieties**
Based on the color of the flesh, there are two main types of rutabaga cabbage:
1. **Green-top variety**: Includes varieties such as Wuhan Shiqilan and Nanjing Rucaola.
2. **Purple-top variety**: Includes varieties like Shanghai Rutabaga, Yunnan Rutabaga, and Turnip Cabbage.
**(c) Cultivation Methods**
There are two common methods for growing red-brown cabbage: direct seeding and transplanting.
In the direct seeding method, the field is prepared in late June by deep plowing, fertilizing, and loosening the soil. In early July, holes are dug and watered as needed, with 4–5 seeds planted per hole. The spacing between holes is 33 cm square, and about 200–600 grams of seeds are used per acre (1 mu = 667 m²). After planting, the soil is filled back, and seedlings usually emerge within 3–4 days. Field management continues until harvest from early October to November. Each mu can yield between 2000–5000 kg. The advantage of direct seeding is that the roots grow well and are more drought-resistant, but the downside is lower land utilization.
In the transplanting method, seedlings are raised in a nursery in early July. After 3–4 days, the seedlings are transplanted, with shade and rain protection provided. The seedlings are ready for transplanting after 24–30 days, when they have 3–5 true leaves. With proper care, harvesting takes place from October to November. This method improves land use efficiency but may result in root damage during transplanting, leading to forked roots and lower yields.
**(d) Seedling Production**
Carrot seedlings are generally planted in late November. After selection, they are planted in reserved plots with a row spacing of 66 cm. During winter, protection against cold is essential. The plants flower in April of the following year, and the pods are harvested in late May to early June when they turn yellow and are fully mature.
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