In recent years, the demand for commercial fish, particularly sea bream, has significantly increased. Alongside this, there has also been a growing interest in pod flowers. Although alfalfa blossoms naturally reproduce in both flowing and still water, their spawning is often limited due to unfavorable environmental conditions. Additionally, fish eggs and fry are frequently preyed upon by other aquatic species, leading to a low survival rate. To address these challenges, artificial breeding techniques have become essential. These methods help concentrate spawning, improve fertilization and hatching rates, and ultimately increase the survival rate of fry, enabling more controlled and efficient fish production.
Artificial breeding involves several critical steps that ensure the success of the process. First, broodstock selection plays a vital role. The selected fish must be purebred, healthy, and free from disease. They should be robust and well-developed, with an appropriate sex ratio—typically 1:1. Female broodstock should be at least three to four years old and weigh around 1.5 kg, while males should be two to three years old and weigh at least 1 kg. It is also recommended to store broodstock for a year before spawning, rather than collecting them just before the breeding season, to ensure better readiness and health.
Next, broodstock conditioning is crucial. The development of gonads and egg production depends heavily on the quality and variety of feed provided. A balanced diet that includes both plant and animal-based foods is necessary to supply all essential amino acids. Relying on a single type of feed over time can lead to nutritional deficiencies. Moreover, maintaining optimal ecological conditions is key. Water quality must be carefully managed, with sufficient oxygen levels maintained throughout the breeding period. In autumn, when water tends to age, regular water changes and the presence of plankton are important to keep the environment suitable for broodstock.
Another important aspect is the previous year’s broodstock management. If broodstock were not properly raised in the prior year, their gonads may remain underdeveloped or their body condition poor, which negatively affects artificial breeding outcomes. Therefore, careful attention to their growth and nutrition during the off-season is essential.
When it comes to spawning, the pond setup is critical. Ponds should range from 0.2 to 1 mu in size, with a depth of about one meter. The bottom should be clean, and water circulation should be easy. Before use, ponds must be disinfected, and incoming water should be filtered. Fish nests, made from materials like palm leaves, aquatic plants, or synthetic fibers, should be placed in shallow areas near the shore. These nests need to be sterilized and arranged in a way that mimics natural spawning conditions. Spawning is often assisted using oxytocin injections, with specific dosages based on the weight of the fish.
After spawning, incubation takes place either in ponds or through drenching and detacking methods. Pond incubation typically uses earthen or concrete pools, with controlled densities. Drenching involves keeping the nests moist in a controlled indoor environment, while detacking removes the sticky layer from fertilized eggs to allow proper hatching.
Finally, once the fry emerge, they should be fed immediately once their yolk sacs disappear. Water quality must be consistently maintained, with temperature differences between new and old water kept within 3°C. During hot weather, bubble disease is a common issue, so frequent water changes and the removal of predators like frogs and insects are necessary to protect the fry.
By following these detailed steps, artificial breeding can significantly enhance fish production and ensure sustainable aquaculture practices.
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