Appearance feature
Burly
Shell oblique ovoid, strong, general shell length 80 ~ 104mrn, height 62 ~ 85mm, the largest grow up to 122mm, height 102mm. The two shells are hug together. The left shell is slightly larger than the right shell and is extremely expanded. The top of the shell protrudes and bends inwards slightly beyond the surface of the ligaments. Ligament fusiform, dark brown horny thick skin. Slightly obtuse angles were found on both sides of the back, and both the front edge and the skin edge of the shell were rounded; the posterior edge extended in a truncated shape. Radiating ribs are wide, smooth and tidy, with no obvious nodules, about 42 to 48, 43 to 44 are more common, the growth veins are obvious, the shell surface is white, and the velvet-like husks are peeled off, and the shells on the top shell fall off. Make the top of the shell white. The inner surface of the shell is white, and the hinge part is straight, and the hinge teeth are 60-70 pieces. The middle one is small and upright, and both ends are large and extroverted. The marks of the adductor muscles were obvious, the anterior marks were small and oval; the posterior marks were pear-shaped, the coat marks were obvious, and the ridges were red and yellow. The shell edge is thick and has dentate protrusions corresponding to the radiating ribs.
Muddy
Marine shellfish. The shell height is greater than the shell width, which is about 2/3 of the length. The shell top protrudes and rolls inwards, about 1/3 in front of the shell. The distance between them is relatively long. The shell surface is brown shell and easily falls off. The top is very, so the shell is often white, the back of the shell has 18 ribs, the intercostal groove is wider than the ribs; the radiation pattern is only a few smooth behind, the rest are arranged by granular protrusions, the top is fine, to the ventral surface Rough; the front end of the shell is blunt, extending backwards and obliquely under the back, so the back end is lean. The ligaments were black-brown keratinocytes, spear-headed, with a larger part of the front part of the shell than the posterior part of the shell, a straight hinge, and approximately 40 hinged teeth. The two ends were thick and thin, and gradually tapered toward the center. The inner surface of the shell has recesses corresponding to the ribs and no ribs, but there is a slightly protruding thin radiant pattern in front of the middle, which accounts for about 2/3 of the area; the bone marks in the closed shell are more pronounced, slightly resembling a circle, and the latter is larger than the former. The mantle membrane is more developed, and the rim is corresponding to the radiating ribs. No foot wire. Live in shallow mud beach. The shell height is greater than the shell width, about 3/4 to 4/5 of the shell length, the shell top is protruding, and the tip is rolled inwards. It is located in the front of the back, the shell surface is covered with tan hair, and the top part is easily fall off. Shell often white, the front edge of the shell are rounded, extending backwards, obliquely under the back, so that the back of the shell is petaloid, the left shell is slightly larger than the right shell, each shell has 30 to 34 radial ribs, to 31 In many cases, the width of the rib pattern and the intercostal groove is equal, and the same number of ribs and rib grooves are equivalent to the edge of the shell. The ribs of the two shells are obviously different. In addition to the protrusions on the front of the right shell, the others are all extremely smooth, while the left shell has only more than 10 back ends that are relatively smooth. The rest are all arranged by small rectangular protrusions, and the radiating ribs are The tip is weak, and it becomes thick and strong. The distance between the two shell shells is long, the ligaments are lancet-shaped, the hinges are straight, and the hinged teeth are about 50. The two ends are thick and sparse, and they gradually taper to the center. The inner surface of the shell also has protrusions comparable to those of the ribs, with no ribs, but with a very fine linear pattern; the marked marks of the shells are closed, the marks of the front shell muscles are oval, the smaller, the lower tips, and the posterior shell muscle markings. Heart-shaped chicken. The upper poles of the two shells expand. The outer edge of the mantle is thick and corrugated, and the outer side is printed with the same teeth as the edge of the shell. Not very developed. No foot wire.
Medicine Peptides and protein drugs are emerging. There are now 35 important therapeutics on the market, and the development of biotechnology and biopharmaceutical companies is becoming increasingly global. Biotechnology drug research focuses on the application of DNA recombinant technology to develop peptides, proteins, enzymes, hormones, vaccines, cell growth factors and monoclonal antibodies that can be used in clinical applications. According to Parexl's Pharmaceutical R&D Statistical Source Book, there are currently 723 biotech drugs under FDA review (including phase â…° to iii clinical and FDA evaluation), 700 drugs are in early stage (research and preclinical). More than 200 additional drugs are in the final stage of approval (Phase iii clinical and FDA evaluation). The basic dosage form of biotech drugs is lyophilized. Although the efficacy of conventional preparations has long been clinically proven, they need to be injected frequently for a long time due to their short half-life, which is difficult to accept from the perspective of psychological and economic burden on patients. To this end, scholars around the world mainly from two aspects to study and develop convenient and reasonable drug delivery approaches and new preparations: (1) embedment agent and sustained-release injection. â‘¡ Non-injectable dosage forms, such as respiratory inhalation, rectal administration, nasal administration, oral administration and transdermal administration, etc. Injectable preparations of sustained-release biotechnological drugs are new dosage forms with promising applications. Some of them, such as microsphere injections of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) analogues which can be sustained-release for 1 to 3 months, have been on the market. This paper focuses on this kind of preparations.Main types of peptides and protein drug sustained-release preparations The research and development of peptides and protein drug sustained-release preparations can be divided into two types, namely, embedment agent and microsphere injection, from the perspective of development process and dosage form. The shape of the implant is a hollow micro-fine rod, one end is closed, the other end is open, and the rod material is non-biodegradable polymer such as ptfe. The lumen was filled with a mixture of drugs and silica gel (silastic, polydimethylsiloxane). The implant is embedded under the skin, and the drug is released slowly through the opening of silica gel matrix. The American Physicians' Handbook (PDR) contains a product called Norplant? Levo-18 ethyl norethinnes, used in family planning. The preparation, each with a diameter of 2.4 mm and a length of 34 mm, is surgically implanted in the inner side of the patient's upper arm with 6 thin rods. The drug can be released in the body in zero-grade mode for up to 5 years, and then removed by surgery after release,1.1.2 Micro-osmotic pump embedding agent The United States Alza company in the 1970s developed an embedding agent shaped like a capsule, which is embedded in the skin or other parts. The body fluid can penetrate through the shell, dissolve the interlayer electrolytic layer, make the volume expansion of the interlayer pressure to the plastic inner cavity, and promote the drug solution from the opening of the fixed speed release. Many biomolecular drugs, such as insulin, heparin and nerve growth factor, have been reported as model drugs in vivo and in vitro. Implants have positive significance for the treatment of chronic patients who need long-term medication, but it has the following defects: â‘ must be surgically implanted. â‘¡ The skeleton material of the preparation is non-biodegradable polymer, which needs to be removed by surgery after release. â‘¢ The preparation has irritation and discomfort in local tissues. Evaluation methods for polypeptide protein drugs: 1. Liquid chromatography 2. Spectroscopic 3. Solvent-based versions are easy to use, but need to be kept at low temperatures (2-8 degrees Celsius).
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