Turtle, also known as tortoise, water turtle, and mud turtle, is the most abundant and most widely distributed species of turtles in China, especially in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In southern China, Guangdong Green Card Industrial Co., Ltd. was represented by large-scale industrialized farming. In 1993, the company introduced 10,000 species of original species of turtles from Dongting Lake in Hunan. After 10 years of breeding, it has reached more than 1 million pieces. Due to its strong resistance to diseases, strong adaptability to the environment, large amount of spawning, and easy propagation, it is one of the turtles' most suitable species for large-scale, industrial breeding. First, the turtle's biology and artificial breeding (A) turtle's biological classification Turtle belongs to the classification of the chordate door, vertebrate sub-door, reptilia, turtle head, turtle family, turtle species. Turtles are classified and searched: the head is smaller, the head width is less than 1/4 the width of the carapace...the turtle. (B) the biological characteristics of turtles and artificial breeding habits 1, shape characteristics: turtle body is long oval, the whole body can be divided into head, neck, trunk, limbs and tail. The body surface is composed of skin and its derivatives, turtle shells. Turtle shell is divided back, plastron. There are three longitudinal ribs on the back of the carapace, with prominent ridges. The plastron is flat and the back end is notched. Slightly flat limbs, scales outside the scales, forelimbs 5 claws, hind legs 4 claws, fingers and toes with full squat. Males are smaller in size, tail-length, and smelly; females are larger in size, shorter in tail, and have no odor. The internal structure of the turtle can be divided into bone, muscle, digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, reproduction, nervous system. In addition, a pair of evacuated thin-walled vesicles were placed on both sides of the cloaca, and the walls were covered with capillaries to assist in respiration. 2. Living habits: Turtles inhabit natural rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds or other waters under natural environmental conditions. Omnivorous, feeding on small fish, shrimp, worms, snails, and fruits, young leaves, and stems of plants. Artificial pond culture uses artificial compound feed and is very fond of food, and is resistant to extensive culture. In southern China such as Guangdong, in late February, when the water temperature reaches 18°C, feeding begins. May-October was a food-rich period and food intake began to decline in November. 3, age and growth: turtles grow slowly in nature, life is very long, as the saying goes: "Millennium 80,000 years of turtles." The optimum growth temperature of the turtle is 25-30°C. When the water temperature is below 20°C, the growth stops; when it is less than 15°C, it enters a hibernation state. Under conventional artificial culture conditions, according to our observations in production practice, the first-instar young turtle has an average weight of about 40 grams; the 2-year-old female has a weight of 178 grams and the male has a weight of 198 grams; the third-year female has a weight of 368 grams and the male has a weight. 138 grams; 4-year-old female weight 687 grams, male weight 175 grams. From the stage of growth from young turtles to adult turtles, from the second instar, the growth rate was faster, male turtles grew slower than females, and the individuals were smaller. Artificial temperature-controlled culture was adopted to control the water temperature in the winter cold season at 25-30°C to break its hibernation. The 2-year-old female turtles can weigh 350-400 grams and the males can weigh 150-175 grams. 4. Breeding habits: In the artificially cultured conditions in southern China such as Guangdong, the individual male turtles amounted to about 200 grams in the fourth year, and 400 grams for females. The sex has become mature. According to our observation, the minimum number of spawning began in mid-February, and most of them started spawning in the middle or late April and lasted until August. The 4th-instar turtles began to lay eggs and produced an average of 5 litters, 5 litters produced 15 litters, 6 litters produced 5 litters, and 7 litters produced 5 litters. According to the statistical analysis of the data in our production practice, there is a significant difference in the spawning quality of turtles at different ages (P>0.01). The fertilization rates at 4 different ages were 35%, 55%, 75%, and 90%, respectively. General 4-5 instar turtles produce an egg weight of 4-5 grams, 5 ind 5-11 grams. The ratio of egg length to breadth diameter is approximately 3.6:1.9. In the aquaculture production practice, the female sex of turtles is better than that of 2-2.5:1 in general, which can not only meet the requirements of the progeny of breeding, but also improve the breeding yield. Artificial incubation of turtle fertilized eggs is generally performed indoors. It is better to hatch with a wooden box. Put the wooden box into the sediment after drilling, 1-2 layers of ovulation and then cover with 2-3 cm thick silt to keep the sediment temperature at 24-34°C and humidity within 8%-10%. Hatching can take place after 60-65 days of incubation. Normal 4-5 instar hatchling hatch hatch hatchlings with a body weight of 2.5-4 g; 5th instar hatchling hatches hatchling hatchlings with a body weight of 4-8 g, and hatching rates of fertilized eggs reach 90%. . Therefore, as the age of the turtle increases and the individuals increase, its reproductive performance gradually increases. Second, the turtle's economic value Turtle is a precious aquatic animal, delicious meat, rich nutrition, is a valuable tonic, and has an important medicinal value and is generally welcomed by consumers. As early as in the "Compendium of Materia Medica," there have been records of private use of turtles. Such as stewed turtles, "Compendium of Materia Medica" records, "Labor blood loss, turtles to take meat, and onions, peppers, sauces, oil cooks, Yin Yin Huo, governance wet blood loss, hemoptysis, cough, cold, tired Experiences." Turtle blood and shell turtles are rare Chinese herbal medicines, turtle blood can cure prolapse and bruises: turtle shell, also known as turtle shell, rich in protein glial, calcium, etc., According to analysis, shell protein contains up to 36.14%; Inorganic salts (calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate) 36.08%; other components 27.78%, are the main raw materials of famous Chinese medicines such as Buyin Pill, Daowou Pill, Zaizao Pill, and Guiling ointment. The tortoiseshell turtle's traditional Chinese medicine is called "turtle plate". According to Professor Xue Boshou, chief physician of the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, member of the expert committee, and doctoral tutor Shen Boshou, in the “Treatment of SARS Syndrome Differentiation and Treatmentâ€, “Clinical SARS patients have emerged: the evil has been slightly low, fever is low, the virtual wind is moving, the heart is paralyzed. Hands, feet, and feet are hot, dry mouth and dry mouth, pulse breakdown is weak, or imaginary, or knot generation, Fumai soup should be added or subtracted, and heavy ones should be selected. Decoction contains turtle shells as the main raw materials: Rehmannia 19 grams, turtle shell 10 grams, 15 grams of white peony root, Zhigancao 10 grams, Ophiopogon 12 grams, Schisandra 6 grams, 3 grams of American ginseng, donkey-hide gelatin (Suihua) 6 grams, Fried Zaoren 15 grams, 6 grams of Chuanbei, 12 grams of lily, 8 grams of calamus, Polygalaceae 5 grams. According to clinical trials in Chinese medicine, turtle shells have a special effect on the treatment of cirrhosis. Secondly, the turtle is a longevity animal and is known as the "Turtle Crane Yannian". In China, it has always been considered as an auspicious object and is of great ornamental value. Due to the destruction of the ecological balance, the heavy use of pesticides, and the indiscriminate capture of human factors, the turtle’s natural resources have been significantly reduced. However, as its economic value becomes higher and higher, the demand for society has increased dramatically, and the contradiction between supply and demand in the market has become prominent. In order to make up for its lack of natural resources and to meet market demands, in the early 1970s, artificial breeding and breeding of turtles had already been carried out in Hunan and Shanghai. By the 1980s, with the deepening of relevant scientific research and artificial breeding, the success was a new one. The industry has been greatly promoted and developed. Turtle production has been less than 500 tons since the early 1990s. It has increased to 10,000 tons by the end of 2002, and the commodity price is between 150-180 yuan/kg. In particular, with the introduction of a non-environmental pollution policy advocated by the government, and the tortoise toleration and disease resistance of the turtle itself, the pollution-free, large-scale, and industrialized breeding of the turtle will surely benefit mankind with unlimited prospects. Guangdong Green Card Industrial Co., Ltd. Zeng Xuquan Xu Yiwen Huang Qicheng
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