Pomegranate is a small deciduous tree or shrub. Its fruit is sweet and sour. It is nutritious, has rich nutrition, and has important medical and health care functions. It is deeply loved by local people. The market price of fruit is also high, generally 5-10 yuan/kg. The appearance of the plant is beautiful, the leaves are green, the flowers are blooming, the flowering period is long, and the flowers and fruit are branched from May to August. The fruit is huge and hanging, and the poles are twisting and growing. The ornamental value is very high. Pomegranate leaves have strong adsorption capacity for sulfur dioxide and lead vapor, and can purify the air. It is a good greening tree species in factories and mines and living environment. Due to its strong ornamental qualities and easy shape, it is also an important tree species for important bonsai fruit trees.
In addition to fresh pomegranate, can be processed pomegranate juice, fruit wine, is a high-level cool drink. Pomegranate has strong adaptability, early flowering, high yield, convenient management and long economic life. Therefore, pomegranates are cultivated in the garden as special fruits and ornamental trees. It can not only increase household income, but also beautify and purify the living environment. It has important development prospects.
First, the courtyard should pay attention to the problem of planting pomegranate
1. Pomegranate is a subtropical and temperate plant. Warm and happy weather conditions, severe frost damage occur at -17°C in winter, and the microclimate environment in the courtyard is relatively good, and it is easy to prevent cold. Therefore, the northern boundary of cultivation can be properly moved northwards. However, it cannot be cultivated in areas that are too cold in winter.
2, pomegranate hi light, happy temperature, when planting to choose warm, good light, no shade, can be courtyard north, east, west and courtyard in the middle of planting, and leave the building 3-4 meters, south wall The north side should not be planted.
3, pomegranate is a shrub species, the crown is shorter, smaller diameter, the general tree height in 2-5 meters, diameter 3-4 meters. In the planning, the crown is tall and the number of planted plants is less; the growth is weak, the canopy is short, and the number of planted plants is more.
4, scientific choice of species. With greenery and ornamentals as the main choices, you can choose to watch the variety or both ornamental and fruitful varieties. With a small number of large fruit-type robust varieties. In order to produce fresh fruit, it is necessary to develop large-fruited, high-quality and strong varieties and a small number of plastic and dual-use varieties according to market needs. In the outskirts of the city, we should also pay attention to the staggered maturity period, and more varieties planted before the National Day and the Mid-Autumn Festival; areas far away from the city and inconvenient traffic should develop varieties that are resistant to storage and transportation, and focus on the New Year's Day and Spring Festival markets.
5, pomegranate self-flowering rate is low, should pay attention to configure the pollination tree, therefore, in a courtyard to plant less than two varieties, and be able to pollinate each other.
Second, suitable for garden cultivation of pomegranate is divided into ornamental species, strong varieties and dual-use varieties. Most of the garden cultivation is dominated by strong and mixed varieties.
1. Strong varieties (1) Qingtian No.1: The fruit is nearly spherical, the fruit surface is smooth, yellow, and the mask is flaky. The average fruit weight is 505 grams and the maximum fruit weight is 1,536 grams. The grain is bright red, transparent, with 15% solids and superior quality. The fruit ripens in late September and is extremely resistant to storage.
(2) Black seed sweet: The fruit is nearly spherical. The peel is bright red, the fruit surface is smooth and the appearance is beautiful. The average fruit weight of 485 grams, the largest fruit weight of 1128 grams, the grain was black agate color, thick sweet taste, excellent quality. The fruit ripens in late September.
(3) Taishan Pomegranate: The fruit is large, with a single weight of 400-500 grams and a maximum of 750 grams. The fruit is nearly round or oblate, the peel is bright red, the grains are bright red, and the grains are thick and thick. Soluble solids 17-19%, semi-soft kernel, excellent flavor, mature from late September to early October.
(4) Big red sweet pomegranate: also known as Dahongpao. The fruit is round and spherical, with an average fruit weight of 400 grams and a maximum of 1200 grams. The fruit surface is thick and red-colored, with large fruit pieces, lots of juice, and sweet and fragrant flavor. The soluble solids are 15-17% in quality. Mature in late August.
2. Dual-use varieties (1) White pomegranate: also known as silver pomegranate, large flowers, white, single petals, white skin, fruit and ornamental use.
(2) Yellow pomegranate: Yellow flowers, single petals, fruit and ornamental use.
(3) Rose pomegranate: also known as moon and moon pomegranate, fire pomegranate, pomegranate all seasons. Fire red, very beautiful. It has many flowers, a long flowering period and flowering in all seasons. The fruit is small, single fruit weight 70-80 grams, suitable for potted plants.
(4) Peony and pomegranate: large corolla, shaped like a hydrangea peony, double flaps, various flower patterns, flowering up to 5 months. The fruit is large, almost spherical, reddish in skin yellow, red in grain, good in flavor, soluble solids 17-19%. The fruit ripens in late September.
Third, cultivation management technology
1. Planting: Pomegranate can be planted all year round, but planting in the fall or early spring is the most appropriate. The autumn in the south is better, and the spring in the north is better. Before the planting, the soil in the courtyard was deep-ripened and the debris such as sandstone and bricks and tiles was removed and replaced with fertile soil. The depth was about 50 cm deep. Before planting, planting pits shall be excavated according to the planting site, with a pit depth of 40-60 cm and a length and width of 0.6-0.8 m. 25-50 kilograms of organic fertilizer is applied to the plant and mixed with the topsoil and then backfilled to ensure that the water is irrigated. Strict selection of roots with complete roots, rough stem diameters, smooth shoots, high quality seedlings with sprouted eyes, and cut flat root cut wounds are recommended. After infiltration, the tree cover covers the mulch.
2. Soil and Fertilizer Water Management (1) Soil Management: A tree tray 1 meter in diameter is left under the tree. In areas where the soil temperature is too high in summer or where the cement is hardened, organic materials (straw, oyster husk, sawdust, etc.) can be covered with tree trays, or weeds (planted lawns) can be planted in tree trays to cool and moisturize and promote normal growth and development. Without covering or grassing, the tree trays are 3-4 times per year for cultivating and weeding, and the cultivating depth is 5-10 cm.
(2) Fertilization: After planting the seedlings in the year, the monthly harvest of the tree trays will be a small amount of fertilizer every month from May to July, and each plant will be poured with 1-2 kg of decomposed manure water plus a small amount of urea. Before the fall leaves, dig a ring ditch and apply organic fertilizer 20-30 kg. From the second year to the full fruit period, basal gully was applied once a year in the ring ditch, and compound fertilizer and decomposed manure water were applied in the tree plate hole for 3-4 times. The amount of fertilizer was adjusted according to the yield. At the same time, during the growing season, attention was paid to foliar dressings. Nitrogen fertilizers were predominant in the early stage and phosphorus and potash fertilizers were dominant in the middle and later stages. The total concentration of fertilizer solution did not exceed 0.3%. The top dressing can also be sprayed with biogas or decomposed manure.
(3) Irrigation and drainage: The key period of the irrigation of pomegranate is mainly the three stages of the germination stage, the fruit expansion stage and the deciduous stage. It is appropriate to maintain the soil moisture at 60-80%, and other periods are mainly based on soil moisture. Pomegranate is not resistant to drought, in the growing season should pay attention to drainage, to prevent the soil and tree plate over long periods of water, causing damage.
3, plastic trim. Pomegranate shaping. Pomegranate trees like light, garden pomegranate shaping that is to consider the characteristics of the growth of pomegranate, but also have a certain degree of ornamental nature, the most commonly used tree shape is no trunk trunk or no trunk dry tree, the main "V" shape, naturally happy Shape and so on.
(1) "V" shape: It is divided into two types, trunk and non-backbone. Two main branches are left symmetrically on the ground (without trunk) or on the trunk. The angle between the main branch and the ground is 45-55. Two to three lateral branches were arranged on each main branch. The first lateral branch was about 60-70 cm from the base of the main branch. The second lateral branch was on the opposite side of the first lateral branch, the three lateral branches were on the same side as the first lateral branch, and the distance between the lateral branches was 50- 60 cm. Properly arranging fruiting groups on the main and lateral branches. The key to shaping is to make the main branch stretch smoothly. That is, after the first 2-3 years of wintering after planting, the main branch should be cut short, and the color buds should be promoted as strong branches for extension.
(2) natural happy shape: a trunk tree, dry height 60-100 cm, the main trunk to retain 3-4 reasonable branches for the main branch, the main branch horizontal projection included angle 90-120, the main branch and the main corner angle 45-60, select the first side branch 50 to 60 centimeters from the trunk on the main branch, 40 to 50 centimeters away from the first side branch, leave the second side branch to the opposite side of the first main branch, and leave the whole tree to stay 6- Eight lateral branches are appropriate, and the result is a group of branches on the main and lateral branches.
2, pruning: pomegranate pruning principle is: physical and immortal, intangible, do not know chaos, so that the next dense under the dense, thin inner dense, large branches and dense branches, to ensure adequate light within the crown canopies. The winter shears are mainly sparsely cut and long-distanced, mainly eliminating cross-over overlapping branches, densely growing branches, disease-disease branches, prosperous long branches and leggy branches so as not to disturb the tree shape. During the growing season, the germination of excess sprouts is erased to reduce excess nutrient consumption. The first three to four years after planting were dominated by plastic surgery. From the third year onwards, some auxiliary branches were treated with ring-cut treatment to promote their flowering results. The initial result tree should continue to improve the cultivation of all kinds of backbone sticks and the allocation of the result sticks while promoting the results. The mixed buds (flower buds) of the pomegranate are born on the top or near the top of the mean tree branch. Therefore, for these short branches, the mother branch should be kept as long as possible, and short cuts should be prohibited to use the result. If there is space available for strong Wang branches and legged branches, girdling, circumcision, or pulling branches should be carried out to ease the growth and promote the flowering result; the useless space or the decisive evacuation that has affected the backbone should be eliminated. In full fruit period, it is necessary to retract or rotate the renewed branches in a timely manner, properly retract the drooping branches, rationally use strong twigs, remove thin and weak branches, and densely maintain branches, maintain a good tree structure, and postpone senescence.
4. Flower and fruit management (1) Protection of flowers and fruits: Pomegranate degraded flowers have a high proportion of flowers and low self-cultivation rate. Therefore, in order to produce enough fruits, it is necessary to carry out flower protection and fruit preservation. The flower protection and fruit protection is based on reasonable pruning and adjusting the number of flower buds. The incomplete flowers and weak flowers are eliminated as early as possible in the flowering period, and the nutrients of the tree are used to retain the fruit setting and development of the flowers. And during the flowering period, the bees were placed in the garden, artificially assisted in pollination and spraying 0.05-0.1% borax at the flowering stage to increase the fruit setting rate.
(2) Thinning and fruit thinning: The removal of degraded flowers and excessive and over-matured flowers and young fruit will help increase the fruit setting rate and fruit quality. In the bud stage, when the flowers can be minutely shaped (incompletely developed flowers), the bell-shaped flowers are sparsely removed. Sparse once every 1-2 weeks, when it can meet the need for fruit setting, late removal of the late opening of late flowers, a small amount of late flowers can be reserved for viewing. When the fruit begins to enlarge, it removes deformed fruit, disease and fruit, and dense fruit; it leaves more flowers and fruit, leaves two flowers, and removes three flowers. It leaves more short and medium branches, leaving no or less long fruit.
(3) Fruit bagging: Fruit bagging can effectively improve the appearance quality and enhance the market competitiveness. The bagging takes place as early as possible after fruit thinning. Spray pesticides and fungicides before bagging. Bags of fruit bags are preferred. When bagging, the young fruit is suspended in the bag so as not to scratch the peel. Remove fruit bags about 20 days before fruit picking. The fruit-applied and fruit-applied leaves were divided and removed, and the dense shade branches were removed in order to facilitate fruit coloring.
5, pest control: courtyard pomegranate pests are generally lighter. Prevention and control of pests and diseases are mainly based on prevention and manual control. After falling leaves, dry branches, diseased branches, and fallen leaves are collectively cleaned and removed. Spray 5Be lime sulfur mixture before germination to kill overwintering pests. During the growing season, pests, branches, leaves, and fruits are often manually removed, and the lesions are scraped off; artificially caught pests and egg masses. If necessary, spray pesticides for sterilization and chemical control. When spraying, choose bio- and mineral-free pesticides or low-toxicity, low-residue chemical pesticides that are non-toxic to humans and livestock.
In addition to fresh pomegranate, can be processed pomegranate juice, fruit wine, is a high-level cool drink. Pomegranate has strong adaptability, early flowering, high yield, convenient management and long economic life. Therefore, pomegranates are cultivated in the garden as special fruits and ornamental trees. It can not only increase household income, but also beautify and purify the living environment. It has important development prospects.
First, the courtyard should pay attention to the problem of planting pomegranate
1. Pomegranate is a subtropical and temperate plant. Warm and happy weather conditions, severe frost damage occur at -17°C in winter, and the microclimate environment in the courtyard is relatively good, and it is easy to prevent cold. Therefore, the northern boundary of cultivation can be properly moved northwards. However, it cannot be cultivated in areas that are too cold in winter.
2, pomegranate hi light, happy temperature, when planting to choose warm, good light, no shade, can be courtyard north, east, west and courtyard in the middle of planting, and leave the building 3-4 meters, south wall The north side should not be planted.
3, pomegranate is a shrub species, the crown is shorter, smaller diameter, the general tree height in 2-5 meters, diameter 3-4 meters. In the planning, the crown is tall and the number of planted plants is less; the growth is weak, the canopy is short, and the number of planted plants is more.
4, scientific choice of species. With greenery and ornamentals as the main choices, you can choose to watch the variety or both ornamental and fruitful varieties. With a small number of large fruit-type robust varieties. In order to produce fresh fruit, it is necessary to develop large-fruited, high-quality and strong varieties and a small number of plastic and dual-use varieties according to market needs. In the outskirts of the city, we should also pay attention to the staggered maturity period, and more varieties planted before the National Day and the Mid-Autumn Festival; areas far away from the city and inconvenient traffic should develop varieties that are resistant to storage and transportation, and focus on the New Year's Day and Spring Festival markets.
5, pomegranate self-flowering rate is low, should pay attention to configure the pollination tree, therefore, in a courtyard to plant less than two varieties, and be able to pollinate each other.
Second, suitable for garden cultivation of pomegranate is divided into ornamental species, strong varieties and dual-use varieties. Most of the garden cultivation is dominated by strong and mixed varieties.
1. Strong varieties (1) Qingtian No.1: The fruit is nearly spherical, the fruit surface is smooth, yellow, and the mask is flaky. The average fruit weight is 505 grams and the maximum fruit weight is 1,536 grams. The grain is bright red, transparent, with 15% solids and superior quality. The fruit ripens in late September and is extremely resistant to storage.
(2) Black seed sweet: The fruit is nearly spherical. The peel is bright red, the fruit surface is smooth and the appearance is beautiful. The average fruit weight of 485 grams, the largest fruit weight of 1128 grams, the grain was black agate color, thick sweet taste, excellent quality. The fruit ripens in late September.
(3) Taishan Pomegranate: The fruit is large, with a single weight of 400-500 grams and a maximum of 750 grams. The fruit is nearly round or oblate, the peel is bright red, the grains are bright red, and the grains are thick and thick. Soluble solids 17-19%, semi-soft kernel, excellent flavor, mature from late September to early October.
(4) Big red sweet pomegranate: also known as Dahongpao. The fruit is round and spherical, with an average fruit weight of 400 grams and a maximum of 1200 grams. The fruit surface is thick and red-colored, with large fruit pieces, lots of juice, and sweet and fragrant flavor. The soluble solids are 15-17% in quality. Mature in late August.
2. Dual-use varieties (1) White pomegranate: also known as silver pomegranate, large flowers, white, single petals, white skin, fruit and ornamental use.
(2) Yellow pomegranate: Yellow flowers, single petals, fruit and ornamental use.
(3) Rose pomegranate: also known as moon and moon pomegranate, fire pomegranate, pomegranate all seasons. Fire red, very beautiful. It has many flowers, a long flowering period and flowering in all seasons. The fruit is small, single fruit weight 70-80 grams, suitable for potted plants.
(4) Peony and pomegranate: large corolla, shaped like a hydrangea peony, double flaps, various flower patterns, flowering up to 5 months. The fruit is large, almost spherical, reddish in skin yellow, red in grain, good in flavor, soluble solids 17-19%. The fruit ripens in late September.
Third, cultivation management technology
1. Planting: Pomegranate can be planted all year round, but planting in the fall or early spring is the most appropriate. The autumn in the south is better, and the spring in the north is better. Before the planting, the soil in the courtyard was deep-ripened and the debris such as sandstone and bricks and tiles was removed and replaced with fertile soil. The depth was about 50 cm deep. Before planting, planting pits shall be excavated according to the planting site, with a pit depth of 40-60 cm and a length and width of 0.6-0.8 m. 25-50 kilograms of organic fertilizer is applied to the plant and mixed with the topsoil and then backfilled to ensure that the water is irrigated. Strict selection of roots with complete roots, rough stem diameters, smooth shoots, high quality seedlings with sprouted eyes, and cut flat root cut wounds are recommended. After infiltration, the tree cover covers the mulch.
2. Soil and Fertilizer Water Management (1) Soil Management: A tree tray 1 meter in diameter is left under the tree. In areas where the soil temperature is too high in summer or where the cement is hardened, organic materials (straw, oyster husk, sawdust, etc.) can be covered with tree trays, or weeds (planted lawns) can be planted in tree trays to cool and moisturize and promote normal growth and development. Without covering or grassing, the tree trays are 3-4 times per year for cultivating and weeding, and the cultivating depth is 5-10 cm.
(2) Fertilization: After planting the seedlings in the year, the monthly harvest of the tree trays will be a small amount of fertilizer every month from May to July, and each plant will be poured with 1-2 kg of decomposed manure water plus a small amount of urea. Before the fall leaves, dig a ring ditch and apply organic fertilizer 20-30 kg. From the second year to the full fruit period, basal gully was applied once a year in the ring ditch, and compound fertilizer and decomposed manure water were applied in the tree plate hole for 3-4 times. The amount of fertilizer was adjusted according to the yield. At the same time, during the growing season, attention was paid to foliar dressings. Nitrogen fertilizers were predominant in the early stage and phosphorus and potash fertilizers were dominant in the middle and later stages. The total concentration of fertilizer solution did not exceed 0.3%. The top dressing can also be sprayed with biogas or decomposed manure.
(3) Irrigation and drainage: The key period of the irrigation of pomegranate is mainly the three stages of the germination stage, the fruit expansion stage and the deciduous stage. It is appropriate to maintain the soil moisture at 60-80%, and other periods are mainly based on soil moisture. Pomegranate is not resistant to drought, in the growing season should pay attention to drainage, to prevent the soil and tree plate over long periods of water, causing damage.
3, plastic trim. Pomegranate shaping. Pomegranate trees like light, garden pomegranate shaping that is to consider the characteristics of the growth of pomegranate, but also have a certain degree of ornamental nature, the most commonly used tree shape is no trunk trunk or no trunk dry tree, the main "V" shape, naturally happy Shape and so on.
(1) "V" shape: It is divided into two types, trunk and non-backbone. Two main branches are left symmetrically on the ground (without trunk) or on the trunk. The angle between the main branch and the ground is 45-55. Two to three lateral branches were arranged on each main branch. The first lateral branch was about 60-70 cm from the base of the main branch. The second lateral branch was on the opposite side of the first lateral branch, the three lateral branches were on the same side as the first lateral branch, and the distance between the lateral branches was 50- 60 cm. Properly arranging fruiting groups on the main and lateral branches. The key to shaping is to make the main branch stretch smoothly. That is, after the first 2-3 years of wintering after planting, the main branch should be cut short, and the color buds should be promoted as strong branches for extension.
(2) natural happy shape: a trunk tree, dry height 60-100 cm, the main trunk to retain 3-4 reasonable branches for the main branch, the main branch horizontal projection included angle 90-120, the main branch and the main corner angle 45-60, select the first side branch 50 to 60 centimeters from the trunk on the main branch, 40 to 50 centimeters away from the first side branch, leave the second side branch to the opposite side of the first main branch, and leave the whole tree to stay 6- Eight lateral branches are appropriate, and the result is a group of branches on the main and lateral branches.
2, pruning: pomegranate pruning principle is: physical and immortal, intangible, do not know chaos, so that the next dense under the dense, thin inner dense, large branches and dense branches, to ensure adequate light within the crown canopies. The winter shears are mainly sparsely cut and long-distanced, mainly eliminating cross-over overlapping branches, densely growing branches, disease-disease branches, prosperous long branches and leggy branches so as not to disturb the tree shape. During the growing season, the germination of excess sprouts is erased to reduce excess nutrient consumption. The first three to four years after planting were dominated by plastic surgery. From the third year onwards, some auxiliary branches were treated with ring-cut treatment to promote their flowering results. The initial result tree should continue to improve the cultivation of all kinds of backbone sticks and the allocation of the result sticks while promoting the results. The mixed buds (flower buds) of the pomegranate are born on the top or near the top of the mean tree branch. Therefore, for these short branches, the mother branch should be kept as long as possible, and short cuts should be prohibited to use the result. If there is space available for strong Wang branches and legged branches, girdling, circumcision, or pulling branches should be carried out to ease the growth and promote the flowering result; the useless space or the decisive evacuation that has affected the backbone should be eliminated. In full fruit period, it is necessary to retract or rotate the renewed branches in a timely manner, properly retract the drooping branches, rationally use strong twigs, remove thin and weak branches, and densely maintain branches, maintain a good tree structure, and postpone senescence.
4. Flower and fruit management (1) Protection of flowers and fruits: Pomegranate degraded flowers have a high proportion of flowers and low self-cultivation rate. Therefore, in order to produce enough fruits, it is necessary to carry out flower protection and fruit preservation. The flower protection and fruit protection is based on reasonable pruning and adjusting the number of flower buds. The incomplete flowers and weak flowers are eliminated as early as possible in the flowering period, and the nutrients of the tree are used to retain the fruit setting and development of the flowers. And during the flowering period, the bees were placed in the garden, artificially assisted in pollination and spraying 0.05-0.1% borax at the flowering stage to increase the fruit setting rate.
(2) Thinning and fruit thinning: The removal of degraded flowers and excessive and over-matured flowers and young fruit will help increase the fruit setting rate and fruit quality. In the bud stage, when the flowers can be minutely shaped (incompletely developed flowers), the bell-shaped flowers are sparsely removed. Sparse once every 1-2 weeks, when it can meet the need for fruit setting, late removal of the late opening of late flowers, a small amount of late flowers can be reserved for viewing. When the fruit begins to enlarge, it removes deformed fruit, disease and fruit, and dense fruit; it leaves more flowers and fruit, leaves two flowers, and removes three flowers. It leaves more short and medium branches, leaving no or less long fruit.
(3) Fruit bagging: Fruit bagging can effectively improve the appearance quality and enhance the market competitiveness. The bagging takes place as early as possible after fruit thinning. Spray pesticides and fungicides before bagging. Bags of fruit bags are preferred. When bagging, the young fruit is suspended in the bag so as not to scratch the peel. Remove fruit bags about 20 days before fruit picking. The fruit-applied and fruit-applied leaves were divided and removed, and the dense shade branches were removed in order to facilitate fruit coloring.
5, pest control: courtyard pomegranate pests are generally lighter. Prevention and control of pests and diseases are mainly based on prevention and manual control. After falling leaves, dry branches, diseased branches, and fallen leaves are collectively cleaned and removed. Spray 5Be lime sulfur mixture before germination to kill overwintering pests. During the growing season, pests, branches, leaves, and fruits are often manually removed, and the lesions are scraped off; artificially caught pests and egg masses. If necessary, spray pesticides for sterilization and chemical control. When spraying, choose bio- and mineral-free pesticides or low-toxicity, low-residue chemical pesticides that are non-toxic to humans and livestock.
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