In recent years, the Liuyang City Fruit Research Institute of Anhui Province has introduced 11 new pear varieties such as gold, big fruit crystal, and garden yellow from South Korea. Through cultivation experiments, the characteristics of its varieties have been basically grasped, and its cultivation techniques have been carried out. Exploration and summary are as follows.
First, the characteristics of Korean pear varieties
1. Early fruit, high yield. Through trials, it was found that most Korean pear varieties are prone to flower buds, especially golden pears, emperors, and other varieties. Whether they are high-risk varieties or planting 2-year-old seedlings, they can form a large number of flower buds in the fall of the year. Not only in the second year, but also in the second year. Can be fruit, but also to achieve a certain amount of production.
2. Large fruit, high quality, storage and transportation. Korean pears are generally 300--1000g each, which is a large fruit pear. In addition, Korean pear fruit cells are few, tender and juicy, unique flavor, can be stored at room temperature for 1 - 2 months, still fresh, low temperature storage period of up to 3 - 5 months, the same flavor .
3. Wide adaptability, strong resistance. Korean pear has strong adaptability and stress resistance, and it can grow well both in clay and in sandy soil. However, judging from the test situation, Korean pears performed optimally in sandy loam soils with good water and fertilizer conditions.
Second, early high-yield cultivation techniques
1. Moderate dense planting. Due to the early fruits and high yield characteristics of Korean pears, in order to increase early yields, the “wide line narrow plant†model can be used for planting. The plant spacing is 0.7--1.5 m, the row spacing is 5- 7 m, and the planting direction is north-south direction. . Divide planting trenches with a width of 0.8m and a depth of 1.0m before planting and apply sufficient basal fertilizer. Basal fertilizer can be used for composting, about 10,000 kg per 667 square meters, mixed with the soil and applied to the planting ditch, filling the ditch. When replanting, re-pull the spot on the filled trench, finally fill the soil and compact the planting hole, and soak the rooting water.
2. Strengthen soil, fertilizer and water management. 1 Focus on soil management. After the young trees are planted, weeding should be carried out in time. After the fruit is tested, the soil will be deeply plowed with the base fertilizer every autumn. In addition, in the two years of sapling planting, intercropping can be intercropping dwarf crops. 2 Rational fertilization of water. Korean pears have high requirements for fertilizer and water conditions. Therefore, the application of base fertilizers is a prerequisite for the high quality and high yield of Korean pears. Each year, in autumn and winter, about 10,000 kg of farmhouse manure is applied per 667 square meters. Fertilizer dressing 3 times a year after fruiting: The first time in the 7-10 days before germination, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, topdressing urea 0.15--0.2kg per plant; the second time after falling 1-2 weeks It is appropriate to use multiple compound fertilizers; the third time is carried out 2 weeks before the fruit's rapid expansion, mainly using potash fertilizers, with nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. In addition, in the fruit enlargement period, it should also be combined with extra-root top dressing, spraying 2 - 3 times 0.3% - 0.5% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, in order to enhance the quality. At the same time, the supply of water must be guaranteed during flowering, young fruit expansion and fruit rapid expansion.
3. Scientific plastic trim. Korean pears generally use inverted "human" shaped tree structure for net frame cultivation. The specific approach is: when leaving the colony, leave 3–4 buds at a distance of 20–30 cm from the ground. After the branches are pulled out, leave one main branch on each side of the east and west. When the winter pruning, lightly cut and keep the cut. Strong lateral leaf buds; Winter shears of year 2 continue to slightly shorten the length of main branch extension branches; In the third year, a 5--7 m high cement column was erected on the pear orchard line, and the plane was at a height of 2.5 m above the ground. Pull up the barbed wire mesh with a mesh size of 1mx1m, bend the two main branches obliquely between the rows, form an oblique inverted “human†shape, and fix it on the barbed wire; at the same time, fix the result branches on both sides of the main branch together. On the barbed wire, the fruit droops below the plane of the net frame to form a net-type cultivation mode.
4. Strict thinning, thinning, and bagging. Thinning, fruit thinning, and final fruiting. Production can also be carried out for fruit thinning in two weeks or so after flowering. Two to three fruit per fruit in the fruiting stage will be left, mainly leaving no pests and healthy fruit without mechanical damage; the fruit grows to table tennis. When the fruit is set in big hours, only one fruit is left in each fruit vine, and the others must be firmly eliminated. The ratio of leaf to fruit is kept at 40--50:1.
Bagging is a necessary measure for high-quality cultivation of Korean pears. The bagging is carried out after the fruit is set, the insecticide and the bactericide are sprayed before the bagging, and the fruit bag is put on the fruit bag in time after being dried. Black and yellow double bags inside the bag are appropriate. There is no need to tear the bag before harvesting, and it can be taken together with the fruit bag.
5. Timely prevention of pests and diseases. Korean pears and other golden pears have weak resistance to rust, especially when they are planted within a range of 5kg orchards, rust may easily occur on a large scale. Attention should be paid to prevention and control. The method is: 1 removal of host plants such as Cypress, Cypress, etc. 2 Pear tree spray control, pharmaceutical agents can use 25% triadimefon 800--1000 times or 65% zein zinc WP 600 times. Spraying the first drug within two weeks after the sprouting of the pear tree, and then spraying once every 10 - 15 days (days), spraying the drug for 2 - 3 times, can effectively prevent the occurrence and development of rust.
Korean pears are vulnerable to pear-stem bees, and the main damage area is the new shoots that the pears were pumping in the year to form broken shoots. The prevention and control method is as follows: when cutting in winter, the damaged branches with larvae are removed and burned in a concentrated manner; after the adult eggs are laid, they are cut off from the fractured area 2 cm in time, which can basically prevent the occurrence of recurrence in the next year. Chemical control, spraying when the new shoot grows to about 5cm, the agent can use 2.5% Kung Fu EC 2500 times, 80% Dichlorvos EC 1000 times, or 40% Monocrotophos EC 1500 times, preferably in sunny days. medicine.
First, the characteristics of Korean pear varieties
1. Early fruit, high yield. Through trials, it was found that most Korean pear varieties are prone to flower buds, especially golden pears, emperors, and other varieties. Whether they are high-risk varieties or planting 2-year-old seedlings, they can form a large number of flower buds in the fall of the year. Not only in the second year, but also in the second year. Can be fruit, but also to achieve a certain amount of production.
2. Large fruit, high quality, storage and transportation. Korean pears are generally 300--1000g each, which is a large fruit pear. In addition, Korean pear fruit cells are few, tender and juicy, unique flavor, can be stored at room temperature for 1 - 2 months, still fresh, low temperature storage period of up to 3 - 5 months, the same flavor .
3. Wide adaptability, strong resistance. Korean pear has strong adaptability and stress resistance, and it can grow well both in clay and in sandy soil. However, judging from the test situation, Korean pears performed optimally in sandy loam soils with good water and fertilizer conditions.
Second, early high-yield cultivation techniques
1. Moderate dense planting. Due to the early fruits and high yield characteristics of Korean pears, in order to increase early yields, the “wide line narrow plant†model can be used for planting. The plant spacing is 0.7--1.5 m, the row spacing is 5- 7 m, and the planting direction is north-south direction. . Divide planting trenches with a width of 0.8m and a depth of 1.0m before planting and apply sufficient basal fertilizer. Basal fertilizer can be used for composting, about 10,000 kg per 667 square meters, mixed with the soil and applied to the planting ditch, filling the ditch. When replanting, re-pull the spot on the filled trench, finally fill the soil and compact the planting hole, and soak the rooting water.
2. Strengthen soil, fertilizer and water management. 1 Focus on soil management. After the young trees are planted, weeding should be carried out in time. After the fruit is tested, the soil will be deeply plowed with the base fertilizer every autumn. In addition, in the two years of sapling planting, intercropping can be intercropping dwarf crops. 2 Rational fertilization of water. Korean pears have high requirements for fertilizer and water conditions. Therefore, the application of base fertilizers is a prerequisite for the high quality and high yield of Korean pears. Each year, in autumn and winter, about 10,000 kg of farmhouse manure is applied per 667 square meters. Fertilizer dressing 3 times a year after fruiting: The first time in the 7-10 days before germination, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, topdressing urea 0.15--0.2kg per plant; the second time after falling 1-2 weeks It is appropriate to use multiple compound fertilizers; the third time is carried out 2 weeks before the fruit's rapid expansion, mainly using potash fertilizers, with nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. In addition, in the fruit enlargement period, it should also be combined with extra-root top dressing, spraying 2 - 3 times 0.3% - 0.5% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, in order to enhance the quality. At the same time, the supply of water must be guaranteed during flowering, young fruit expansion and fruit rapid expansion.
3. Scientific plastic trim. Korean pears generally use inverted "human" shaped tree structure for net frame cultivation. The specific approach is: when leaving the colony, leave 3–4 buds at a distance of 20–30 cm from the ground. After the branches are pulled out, leave one main branch on each side of the east and west. When the winter pruning, lightly cut and keep the cut. Strong lateral leaf buds; Winter shears of year 2 continue to slightly shorten the length of main branch extension branches; In the third year, a 5--7 m high cement column was erected on the pear orchard line, and the plane was at a height of 2.5 m above the ground. Pull up the barbed wire mesh with a mesh size of 1mx1m, bend the two main branches obliquely between the rows, form an oblique inverted “human†shape, and fix it on the barbed wire; at the same time, fix the result branches on both sides of the main branch together. On the barbed wire, the fruit droops below the plane of the net frame to form a net-type cultivation mode.
4. Strict thinning, thinning, and bagging. Thinning, fruit thinning, and final fruiting. Production can also be carried out for fruit thinning in two weeks or so after flowering. Two to three fruit per fruit in the fruiting stage will be left, mainly leaving no pests and healthy fruit without mechanical damage; the fruit grows to table tennis. When the fruit is set in big hours, only one fruit is left in each fruit vine, and the others must be firmly eliminated. The ratio of leaf to fruit is kept at 40--50:1.
Bagging is a necessary measure for high-quality cultivation of Korean pears. The bagging is carried out after the fruit is set, the insecticide and the bactericide are sprayed before the bagging, and the fruit bag is put on the fruit bag in time after being dried. Black and yellow double bags inside the bag are appropriate. There is no need to tear the bag before harvesting, and it can be taken together with the fruit bag.
5. Timely prevention of pests and diseases. Korean pears and other golden pears have weak resistance to rust, especially when they are planted within a range of 5kg orchards, rust may easily occur on a large scale. Attention should be paid to prevention and control. The method is: 1 removal of host plants such as Cypress, Cypress, etc. 2 Pear tree spray control, pharmaceutical agents can use 25% triadimefon 800--1000 times or 65% zein zinc WP 600 times. Spraying the first drug within two weeks after the sprouting of the pear tree, and then spraying once every 10 - 15 days (days), spraying the drug for 2 - 3 times, can effectively prevent the occurrence and development of rust.
Korean pears are vulnerable to pear-stem bees, and the main damage area is the new shoots that the pears were pumping in the year to form broken shoots. The prevention and control method is as follows: when cutting in winter, the damaged branches with larvae are removed and burned in a concentrated manner; after the adult eggs are laid, they are cut off from the fractured area 2 cm in time, which can basically prevent the occurrence of recurrence in the next year. Chemical control, spraying when the new shoot grows to about 5cm, the agent can use 2.5% Kung Fu EC 2500 times, 80% Dichlorvos EC 1000 times, or 40% Monocrotophos EC 1500 times, preferably in sunny days. medicine.
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