The first step is to manage the breeding stock properly. Artificial insemination breeders are typically kept in cages, which limits their movement and can lead to excessive fat accumulation. Therefore, feeding must be strictly controlled based on the weight gain of the birds to prevent fatty liver disease and the risk of vent prolapse, as these conditions can hinder the collection process and reduce the quality of semen. Proper nutrition management is essential for maintaining the health and fertility of the breeder chickens.
The second step involves selecting and conditioning the best roosters for artificial insemination. In addition to good genetic traits, production performance, and overall health, the rooster should have a soft abdomen, raised tail, and an easily accessible cloaca during massage. The cloaca should be relaxed, moist, and fully exposed. Before the insemination period, the roosters should be trained through repeated sessions to develop a conditioned response to the handling, massage, and ejaculation procedures. This training usually takes about seven sessions to ensure each rooster becomes familiar with the process.
The third step focuses on hygiene and sanitation. All equipment used in artificial insemination must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before use. Boiling is the most effective method for disinfection, using distilled water and ensuring all items are completely dry afterward. For equipment that cannot be boiled or for hand disinfection, alcohol is recommended. Allow the alcohol to evaporate completely before proceeding with any procedure to avoid contamination.
The fourth step is about proper semen collection. Semen should be collected 3 to 5 hours after the birds have been deprived of water. The timing should be based on the individual sexual reflexes of each rooster, and the massage should be performed at the right intensity and duration. If the massage is too long or too forceful, the rooster may become unresponsive or even defecate, which can contaminate the sample. On the other hand, if the pressure is too light, the semen may not be fully expelled. During collection, avoid touching the dispenser with fingers or cups, and always use a dedicated collection cup. After collection, the semen should be transferred using a dropper to prevent contamination. Any fecal contamination should result in discarding the sample. In winter, the collection cup should be preheated to between 35°C and 40°C to maintain optimal temperature.
The fifth step is ensuring high-quality semen. High-quality semen appears milky and thick. If the rooster is sick or the sample is contaminated with feces, the semen may appear thin or discolored, making it unsuitable for insemination. Microscopic examination is necessary to assess sperm viability and concentration.
The sixth step involves diluting the semen immediately after collection. The diluent must be prepared with clean, precise instruments and pure, fully dissolved ingredients. The dilution ratio should be calculated accurately, and the diluent should be preheated to 35°C to 40°C. When mixing, add the semen slowly along the side of the container and gently mix with a pipette to avoid damaging the sperm.
The seventh step is the actual insemination process. The catheter should be inserted gently into the hen’s vagina without forcing it to avoid injury. Insert the nozzle approximately 2.5 to 3 cm deep. Do not release the pressure button immediately after injection to ensure proper delivery of the semen. The catheter should remain against the upper wall of the vagina to prevent leakage. Each insemination should contain at least 10 million motile sperm, and typically, 50 microliters of high-quality semen is sufficient. Insemination should be done 3 hours after egg-laying, and the insemination cycle is usually every 6 to 7 days under normal conditions.
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