Any substance that can be eaten by livestock and poultry and meets its needs for life and production, and which is non-toxic under certain conditions, is called feed. At present, the classification of plant feed in the world is carried out according to its nutritional characteristics. It is generally divided into greenish feed, silage, roughage, energy feed, protein feed, mineral feed and additive feed. The classification of plant feed in China is based on its source. Generally divided into three categories of green feed, roughage and concentrate. Green feed refers to green plant feed, etc.; rough feed refers to green hay, straw, clam shell, etc.; concentrate feed refers to energy feed such as cereals and its processing by-products, protein feed such as bean seeds and its processing by-products, etc. The concentrate is often processed into a compound feed with mineral feed and additive feed.
(a) pasture
Forage is a variety of cultivated and wild annual or perennial herbs that can be used for livestock feeding. It has many types, and has collected more than 6,000 copies and dozens of subjects, among which grasses and legumes are the most important. The main points of pasture utilization are:
The first use should be timely. Forage grass has strong time in use. Generally, grasses should be used at the heading stage. Legumes should be used during the initial flowering period. At this time, the grass yield, nutritional value, palatability and digestibility of the forage are the best. State feed value is high.
The second grazing should be reasonable. Overgrazing affects the regeneration of grass, which leads to the degradation of grassland, so it is necessary to establish a strict grassland management system. For pastures being built, grazing should be prohibited. For mature grasslands, moderate grazing and zoning rotation should be carried out.
The third feed should be appropriate. Because of the good palatability, wide range of sources and low cost, some pastures use a large number of farmers to feed beef cattle. This is an incorrect approach. Because the grass has high moisture content and large volume, although the beef cattle have fullness after eating, but due to insufficient intake of dry matter and other nutrients, it is not conducive to the growth of beef cattle and the potential of fattening, so the amount of pasture feeding must be appropriate.
Fourth, we must prevent poisonous grass from causing poisoning. Natural forage species are intricately mixed with certain poisonous grasses, and should be carefully checked before grazing to prevent poisoning by poisonous grass. The selectivity of cattle to grass is generally not strong, and the poisonous grass is generally inadvertently eaten by sheep.
Fifth, we must prevent mildew from causing poisoning. The cultivated pasture should be timely fed or properly preserved (such as spread or set up) after harvest to prevent molding and cause poisoning.
Sixth, we must prevent pesticides from causing poisoning. Forages that have been sprayed with pesticides must be strictly prohibited from feeding cattle to prevent pesticide poisoning. When spraying pesticides on crops, trees and orchards, the weeds in the fields, forests and gardens must not be fed.
Seventh to prevent the occurrence of rumen hernia. Over-feeding leguminous grasses, young forage grasses with frosty pastures or dew-covered pastures can cause rumen hernias to be prevented.
(2) Green carp feed
It is an artificially sown green forage crop for livestock feeding. Common varieties include barley corn, barley sorghum, arrow peas, brome, oats, black beans, broad beans and beets. The barley meal time is relatively long. For example, the barley peas can be used in heading, milk ripening, wax ripening, and maturity. The arrow peas can be used in tender seedlings, flowers, flowers, flowers, and flowers. The content of cyanogen in this type of feed is high. When stacked (by high temperature and high humidity), cyanogenic hydrazine is easily hydrolyzed to hydrocyanic acid, and poisonous cattle of cyanoic acid can be poisoned if eaten. Therefore, this kind of feed should be eaten with the cut and eaten. If it can't be eaten after eating or if it is too late to eat, it should be spread out or set up for storage.
(three) leaves twigs
The tree species are four-winged thorns (miracle trees), caragana, maple, willow, eucalyptus, mulberry, tung, mulberry, aspen, white birch, scorpion, hedgehog and so on. This kind of feed is rich in protein, carotene and crude fat, which can enhance the appetite of beef cattle and should be developed and utilized. The leaves contain about 1% tannins, and the proper food has a stomach-astringent effect; excessive food is unfavorable for digestion.
(4) Vegetable leaf rhizome
This type of feed is mostly a by-product of vegetables and cash crops. Common leaf types include radish leaves, cabbage leaves, turnip leaves, beet leaves and cabbage leaves. Common roots are mainly carrots, white radishes and beetroots (not including potatoes). It has high moisture content, low dry matter content, insufficient energy but rich mineral content. The nitrate content of the vegetable leaves is high. When stacked (by high temperature and high humidity), the nitrate is easily reduced to nitrite, and the nitrite poisonous cattle may be poisoned if eaten. Therefore, this type of feed should be freshly fed. If it cannot be fed at a time, it should be spread out or set up for storage. Carrots are used to feed cattle mainly to supplement the carotene needed for cattle.
(5) Rattan
It mainly includes pumpkin vine, loofah vine, sweet potato vine, potato vine, bean carp, kidney bean pea, pea pea and peanut pupa. Its nutritional characteristics are similar to those of leaf.
(6) Aquatic plants
Common aquatic plants include water lily, water hyacinth, water peanut, duckweed and floating algae. It has high moisture content, low dry matter content and soft and tender texture. Feeding cattle with them should be dewormed regularly.
Only by knowing the characteristics of each green feed can the beef cattle be properly fed to prevent malnutrition or overfeeding, resulting in malnutrition. Farmers should combine the green feed with the concentrate to not only save the cost of breeding but also effectively fatten.
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