The purpose of rearing sows is to obtain more piglets, and there are two main indicators for the breeding performance of Hengliang sows: the number of weaned piglets provided per sow per year and the number of years of sow reproductive life.
The factors affecting the reproductive performance of sows mainly include genetics, nutrition, disease, environment, and management. In recent years, with the rapid development of nutrition technology, the research on improving the reproductive performance of sows through the regulation of nutrition has achieved initial success. The study found that: Almost all the vitamins have a greater impact on the reproductive performance of breeding pigs. The main vitamins that affect sow reproductive performance are the following:
Vitamin E: Vitamin E is closely related to reproductive function, can promote the production of thyrotropin (TH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and gonadotropin, enhance ovarian function, increase follicles to increase luteal cells, supplement in sow diets Vitamin E can not only increase the conception rate, reduce fetal death, but also increase the number of litters in litter. It can also enhance the anti-stress ability of piglets, reduce the death of piglets before weaning, shorten the interval from weaning to estrus, and improve the quality of boar semen. Studies have shown that sows fed high levels of vitamin E have higher litter size and live births, and have a lower incidence of mastitis-meteitis-avamerism (MMA). When sows lack vitamin E, ovarian function declines, sexual cycles are abnormal, fertilization is not possible, embryonic development is abnormal, or stillbirth occurs.
Folic acid: plays an important role in maintaining reproductive performance of sows and promoting early fetal development. Its main function is the coenzymes in various enzyme systems, which are involved in the synthesis of purines, so it is very important for the synthesis of DNA and RNA. In terms of maintaining the stable reproductive function of the breeding sows, the litter size can be increased; the good milking power can be maintained and the lactation disorder can be prevented. Studies have shown (Lindemann et al., 1989) that the addition of folic acid to sow diets can increase embryonic survival and steadily increase litter size.
Beta-carotene: Supplementation of β-carotene in sow diets will improve litter size, correct sow oestrus and ovulation delay, and increase embryo survival. Beta-carotene is also associated with the synthesis of lutein, which lacks lutein and will lead to termination of pregnancy. Recent studies have also found that adding β-carotene to boars can promote testicular development and improve semen quality. Vitamin A and carotene are susceptible to oxidative damage, especially when exposed to hot heat and trace elements and rancid fat.
Vitamin A: Increasing the amount of vitamin A added to the diet can increase litter size and number of weaned pigs (Antipas, 2003). When the sow lacks vitamin A, the conception rate drops, showing abnormal estrus, dystocia, miscarriage, stillbirth, weak fetus, malformed fetus, and placental clothing. Piglets' eyes and limb paralysis are prone to pneumonia and diarrhea; young sows have delayed estrus, affect ovarian development, and have high embryo mortality.
Biotin: The main function is to maintain the sow's hoof health and prevent hoof cracking, lameness, and warts. At the same time can promote fetal growth and development and reduce fetal death and promote increased lactation, improve sows ovulation rate and conception rate, shorten the interval from weaning to estrus. If the content of biotin in the diet is lower than 330ug, it will cause stillbirth and suckling piglets to grow poorly due to insufficient breast milk. The study found that supplementing biotin can increase the length of the sow's uterine horn by 20%, thereby increasing the space occupied by the fetus in the uterus. This has important implications for the growth and survival of the fetus.
Studies have shown that adding 300 mg of biotin per ton of sow's full-rate material significantly increases the average number of weaned piglets at 21 days of age compared with the control group without added biotin. Adding biotin to the sow diet can prevent the sow from cracking hooves in winter and significantly reduce the occurrence of pig foot problems and lameness problems.
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