Japan's viticulture is market-oriented, with quality as the core, forming a set of standardized cultivation techniques.
This is a core measure to improve quality by controlling production and improving quality. Japan's grape production is controlled at around 1,000 kilograms. The way to control production is to trim. The first is the pruning of fruit branches, and the ratio of branches to vegetative branches is controlled at 2:3. The second is pruning. Leave only one spike per fruiting branch, remove the first and second fruiting twigs at the front end (basal part) of the ear, and 4-5 spikelets at the end, and keep the ear length 15-20 cm to form a consistent ear; Growth of the fruit on the inside of the shaft, small grains, hurt the fruit, retain 25-30 fruit in one ear (a small fruit stick to stay 2-3), a bunch of grapes weighing 400-500 grams, weight about 15 grams. This can ensure that the fruit is fully mature and consistent, and it is also convenient for post-harvest implementation of standardized packaging and sales.
Using supporting technologies
The first is to choose the appropriate tree shape. The most commonly used trees in Japan are X-type natural long shoots, and H-type short shoots. X-type natural long shoot pruning can control growth potential, especially suitable for large tree cultivation. A large vine occupies an area of ​​500 square meters, with a high support, which facilitates ventilation, light transmission, fertilizer and water management, and helps improve the quality of the grapes. H-type shorter pruning can control the height of the tree, enhance the tree vigor, and facilitate pruning and denuclearization. Generally, 40-50 plants are planted per 1,000 square meters.
The second is to implement early-onset cultivation to control the leaf area index. After the harvest, the leaves of the alfalfa are green once and fertilized one time to ensure that there is sufficient nutrition accumulation; after germination in the spring, the second new shoot should be removed as soon as possible to prevent powdery mildew in time; the management of fertilizer and water should be strengthened in the early stage to ensure the young leaves as soon as possible ( Within 3 weeks, grow to the maximum to maximize the time for full photosynthesis; a reasonable control of the leaf area index is 2.5-3.0 (Kyoho 2.5-2.8, rose 3.0). The specific approach is to retain 15,000 new shoots of 1 meter long per 1,000 square meters (study shows that five new shoots have the ability to ripen 500 grams of fruit), with five leaves per shoot, and shoot control About 18 cm, the above-mentioned leaf area index, yield and quality indicators can be achieved.
The third is to scientifically prevent and treat pests and diseases and strictly limit the use of drugs. The cultivation of facilities requires 5-6 times a year. The main control targets are powdery mildew, gray mold, downy mildew, red spider and thrips, and leafhoppers.
The fourth is hormone treatment. Using gibberellin for grape denucleation and elongated ears.
The fifth is fertilizer and water management. Japan attaches great importance to fertilizing the soil, and the orchard soil organic matter content is as high as 8%, which lays a solid foundation for high-quality cultivation; fertilization is generally combined with plastic hose micro-irrigation (ratio of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer is 2:8), and the hose surrounds the trunk. Three concentric circles (limited to root cultivation).
It is particularly worth noting that Japanese farmers not only operate strictly according to the above regulations, but also accurately record important production activities such as fertilization and drug use, and retain complete production records for many years, laying the foundation for the implementation of a quality traceability system.
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